{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3154064296","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/714933","title":"Power in Text: Implementing Networks and Institutional Complexity in American Law","display_name":"Power in Text: Implementing Networks and Institutional Complexity in American Law","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-04-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3154064296","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/714933","mag":"3154064296"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1086/714933","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/714933","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/714933","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S95650557","display_name":"The Journal of Politics","issn_l":"0022-3816","issn":["0022-3816","1468-2508"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315672","host_organization_name":"University of Chicago Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315672","https://openalex.org/P4310315690"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Chicago Press","University of Chicago"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of Politics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Robert Shaffer","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I70983195","display_name":"Syracuse University","ror":"https://ror.org/025r5qe02","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I70983195"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Robert Shaffer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Syracuse University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Syracuse University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I70983195"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I70983195"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.0837,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9043051,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"84","issue":"1","first_page":"86","last_page":"100"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13910","display_name":"Computational and Text Analysis Methods","score":0.9688000082969666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3300","display_name":"General Social Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13910","display_name":"Computational and Text Analysis Methods","score":0.9688000082969666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3300","display_name":"General Social Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13643","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Law","score":0.009600000455975533,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13138","display_name":"Legal and Constitutional Studies","score":0.004900000058114529,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/institutional-complexity","display_name":"institutional complexity","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/legal-documents","display_name":"legal documents","score":0.6869999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"natural language processing","score":0.9399999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-extraction","display_name":"network extraction","score":0.5879999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/united-states-law","display_name":"United States law","score":0.4830000102519989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/partisan-disagreement","display_name":"partisan disagreement","score":0.6320000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/legislative-complexity","display_name":"legislative complexity","score":0.3569999933242798}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777351106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49371","display_name":"Legislation","level":2,"score":0.7990634441375732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.5409780740737915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.5395810604095459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.4825822412967682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.48230409622192383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.47153717279434204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.4617673456668854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4587133526802063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.45406457781791687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147887874","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16252774","display_name":"Institutional theory","level":2,"score":0.42260003089904785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3704560399055481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.3288078308105469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.2603418827056885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.13068249821662903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.12865787744522095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.12806829810142517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1086/714933","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/714933","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/714933","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S95650557","display_name":"The Journal of Politics","issn_l":"0022-3816","issn":["0022-3816","1468-2508"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315672","host_organization_name":"University of Chicago Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315672","https://openalex.org/P4310315690"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Chicago Press","University of Chicago"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of Politics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.95660001039505}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1809737314","https://openalex.org/W1892976419","https://openalex.org/W1928563389","https://openalex.org/W1982639022","https://openalex.org/W2012925971","https://openalex.org/W2025356280","https://openalex.org/W2037627831","https://openalex.org/W2049910379","https://openalex.org/W2054686101","https://openalex.org/W2066741696","https://openalex.org/W2091537479","https://openalex.org/W2097392479","https://openalex.org/W2100349101","https://openalex.org/W2114588795","https://openalex.org/W2129413017","https://openalex.org/W2148752429","https://openalex.org/W2160471812","https://openalex.org/W2250539671","https://openalex.org/W2254884431","https://openalex.org/W2321814056","https://openalex.org/W2324723438","https://openalex.org/W2333983184","https://openalex.org/W2402268235","https://openalex.org/W2573492843","https://openalex.org/W2891479219","https://openalex.org/W2897941416","https://openalex.org/W2998108922","https://openalex.org/W4232663284","https://openalex.org/W4235208985","https://openalex.org/W4251296075","https://openalex.org/W4254910523","https://openalex.org/W4388147718","https://openalex.org/W4394887189"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2912313533","https://openalex.org/W6887409425","https://openalex.org/W2014693728","https://openalex.org/W4310379043","https://openalex.org/W2407595644","https://openalex.org/W4411243411","https://openalex.org/W1502415029","https://openalex.org/W4285134164","https://openalex.org/W6959684522","https://openalex.org/W2401971698"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"How":[0],"should":[1],"social":[2],"scientists":[3],"measure":[4,107],"institutional":[5,10,39,72,88,99,108,129],"complexity?":[6],"Formal":[7],"(textually":[8],"defined)":[9],"design\u2014and":[11],"particularly":[12],"the":[13,87],"complexity":[14,109,130],"of":[15,21,32,71,90],"formal":[16,38],"institutions\u2014is":[17],"an":[18],"important":[19],"object":[20],"study":[22],"across":[23],"political":[24],"science,":[25],"law,":[26],"and":[27,59,92,128],"public":[28],"administration.":[29],"However,":[30],"because":[31],"measurement":[33],"constraints,":[34],"existing":[35],"work":[36],"on":[37,43],"design":[40],"focuses":[41],"either":[42],"single":[44],"policy":[45],"areas":[46],"or":[47],"\u201cimportant\u201d":[48],"legislation,":[49,133],"creating":[50],"clear":[51],"selection":[52],"problems.":[53],"In":[54],"this":[55,104,142],"article,":[56],"I":[57,101],"propose":[58],"validate":[60],"a":[61,82,122],"novel":[62],"natural":[63],"language":[64],"processing":[65],"approach":[66,120],"designed":[67],"to":[68,85,106,117,139],"extract":[69],"networks":[70],"relationships":[73],"from":[74,115],"legal":[75],"texts":[76],"scalably.":[77],"These":[78],"\u201cimplementing":[79],"networks\u201d":[80],"offer":[81],"straightforward":[83],"way":[84],"represent":[86],"content":[89],"law":[91],"naturally":[93],"suggest":[94],"measures":[95],"for":[96],"quantities":[97],"like":[98],"complexity.":[100],"then":[102],"apply":[103],"method":[105],"in":[110],"all":[111],"American":[112],"laws":[113],"enacted":[114],"1993":[116],"2014.":[118],"This":[119],"reveals":[121],"surprising":[123],"disconnect":[124],"between":[125],"partisan":[126],"disagreement":[127],"among":[131],"lower-profile":[132],"which":[134],"would":[135],"have":[136],"been":[137],"difficult":[138],"detect":[140],"without":[141],"approach.":[143]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2021-04-26T00:00:00"}