{"id":"https://openalex.org/W314962444","doi":null,"title":"\"Bridging the Gap\": Creed Taylor, Grover Washington Jr., and the Crossover Roots of Smooth Jazz","display_name":"\"Bridging the Gap\": Creed Taylor, Grover Washington Jr., and the Crossover Roots of Smooth Jazz","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-03-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W314962444","mag":"314962444"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:314962444","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-202488078/bridging-the-gap-creed-taylor-grover-washington","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S168826504","display_name":"Black Music Research Journal","issn_l":"0276-3605","issn":["0276-3605","1946-1615"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["jufo-2","poland-70"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315680","host_organization_name":"University of Illinois Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315680"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Illinois Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Black Music Research Journal","raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011269303","display_name":"Charles D. Carson","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Charles Carson","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5011269303"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.5483,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":35,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95913901,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11113","display_name":"Music History and Culture","score":0.8823000192642212,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1210","display_name":"Music"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11113","display_name":"Music History and Culture","score":0.8823000192642212,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1210","display_name":"Music"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10941","display_name":"Musicology and Musical Analysis","score":0.11649999767541885,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1210","display_name":"Music"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13330","display_name":"Theater, Performance, and Music History","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1210","display_name":"Music"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jazz-history","display_name":"jazz history","score":0.4659999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jazz-scholarship","display_name":"jazz scholarship","score":0.3479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tenor-saxophone","display_name":"tenor saxophone","score":0.5830000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/african-american-music","display_name":"African American music","score":0.3269999921321869}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2980749","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8341","display_name":"Jazz","level":2,"score":0.9768589735031128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C503380767","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q936055","display_name":"Jazz dance","level":4,"score":0.6386127471923828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C558565934","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2743","display_name":"Musical","level":2,"score":0.5470252633094788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.5289754271507263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114611597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q373342","display_name":"Popular music","level":2,"score":0.43810614943504333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107038049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35986","display_name":"Aesthetics","level":1,"score":0.4111764430999756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777617010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18957","display_name":"Mainstream","level":2,"score":0.41068702936172485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.39105162024497986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124952713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8242","display_name":"Literature","level":1,"score":0.3836349844932556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.19542500376701355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.1861969232559204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147446459","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11639","display_name":"Dance","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526099995","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1020618","display_name":"Concert dance","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:314962444","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-202488078/bridging-the-gap-creed-taylor-grover-washington","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S168826504","display_name":"Black Music Research Journal","issn_l":"0276-3605","issn":["0276-3605","1946-1615"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["jufo-2","poland-70"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315680","host_organization_name":"University of Illinois Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315680"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Illinois Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Black Music Research Journal","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W245830902","https://openalex.org/W577704147","https://openalex.org/W1482927345","https://openalex.org/W1516242894","https://openalex.org/W1994017118","https://openalex.org/W2004275431","https://openalex.org/W2076001403","https://openalex.org/W2076055930","https://openalex.org/W2088972915","https://openalex.org/W2139094516","https://openalex.org/W2345689609"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1804060858","https://openalex.org/W4237376403","https://openalex.org/W3184077965","https://openalex.org/W2758850420","https://openalex.org/W2152744818","https://openalex.org/W2038709217","https://openalex.org/W2151606164","https://openalex.org/W2031850498","https://openalex.org/W7165515868","https://openalex.org/W2958275418"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[197,477],"jazz,":[1,163,377,403],"his":[2],"music":[270],"is":[4,9,40,84,130,258,329,408,414],"not":[5,330,641],"very":[6],"interesting.":[7],"He":[8],"a":[10,31,60,97,227,267,318,340,366,381,394,438,463,489,497,535,592,637],"capable":[11],"but":[12],"rather":[13],"anonymous":[14],"sounding":[15],"player":[16],"with":[17,231,613],"an":[18,333,416],"undistinguished":[19],"sound":[20],"on":[21,27,44],"the":[22,28,38,41,55,64,71,74,87,112,123,174,179,198,210,214,224,309,314,344,354,369,390,404,420,432,450,470,480,485,501,517,521,532,550,572,596,625,629],"tenor,":[23],"occasional":[24],"intonation":[25],"problems":[26],"soprano,":[29],"and":[30,35,126,182,191,216,235,278,296,311,378,410,428,434,524,548,566,580,619],"determinedly":[32],"low-keyed":[33],"approach....":[34],"at":[36,437],"present":[37],"saxophonist":[39],"best-selling":[42],"artist":[43],"Taylor's":[45],"CTI":[46],"label.":[47],"--New":[48],"York":[49,244],"Times,":[50],"February":[51],"13,":[52],"1977":[53],"Despite":[54,516],"fact":[56],"that":[57,261,284,290,361,384,505],"it":[58,116,129,266],"commands":[59],"large":[61],"portion":[62],"of":[63,105,153,159,213,294,313,357,371,389,396,422,472,484,520,537,544,555,594,616],"jazz":[65,68,77,82,190,234,256,263,277,315,359,382,391,407,644],"marketplace,":[66],"smooth":[67,376,406,618,633],"has":[69,101,117,119,337],"become":[70],"elephant":[72],"in":[73,76,93,171,206,241,276,402,449,460,466,482,488,529,632],"room":[75],"studies--its":[78],"absence":[79],"from":[80,122],"contemporary":[81,94],"scholarship":[83,360],"made":[85],"all":[86],"more":[88,551],"conspicuous":[89],"by":[90],"its":[91,106,141,156,184,617],"ubiquity":[92],"society.":[95],"With":[96,431],"few":[98],"exceptions,":[99],"there":[100,128],"been":[102,146,339,528],"little":[103],"discussion":[104,370],"history,":[107],"characteristics,":[108],"or":[109,165,301,588],"reception":[110,212],"within":[111,178,343],"discipline.":[113],"What":[114],"notice":[115],"received":[118],"come":[120],"mainly":[121],"popular":[124,236,447,573],"press,":[125,574],"even":[127,302],"often":[131,204],"dismissed":[132],"as":[133,226,317,332,375,440,534,577,591,599,601,636],"being":[134],"too":[135],"commercial":[136,303],"to":[137,148,186,188,209,218,222,233,253,255,259,287,307,349,353,363,379,441,443,461,468,561,608],"be":[138],"substantial.":[139],"Throughout":[140],"development,":[142],"various":[143],"terms":[144,526,575],"have":[145,527],"used":[147],"describe":[149],"this":[150,202,445,474,539,610],"music,":[151,215,611],"many":[152,262],"which":[154],"betray":[155],"apparent":[157],"lack":[158],"legitimacy:":[160],"jazz-pop,":[161],"light":[162,507],"jazz-lite,":[164],"just":[166,589],"crossover.":[167],"The":[250],"latter":[169],"term":[170,405],"particular":[172],"references":[173],"style's":[175],"self-conscious":[176],"positioning":[177],"market,":[181],"highlights":[183],"intent":[185],"appeal":[187],"both":[189],"mainstream":[192],"(i.e.,":[193],"non-jazz)":[194],"listeners":[195],"alike.":[196],"opening":[199],"quote":[200],"illustrates,":[201],"commercialism":[203],"stands":[205],"direct":[207],"contrast":[208],"critical":[211],"continues":[217],"undermine":[219,308],"musicians'":[220],"attempts":[221],"establish":[223],"serious":[228],"musical":[229,475],"genre":[230,448],"respect":[232],"criticism.":[238],"For":[239],"example,":[240],"1977,":[242],"New":[243],"Times":[245],"critic":[246],"Robert":[247],"Palmer":[248],"quips:":[249],"best":[251],"way":[252],"listen":[254],"pop":[257],"forget":[260],"fans":[264],"consider":[265],"failed":[268],"art":[269],"(Palmer":[271],"1977).":[272],"Following":[273],"recent":[274,358,490],"developments":[275],"black":[279],"research,":[281],"I":[282,347],"argue":[283],"giving":[285],"preference":[286],"historical":[288],"narratives":[289],"favor":[291],"Eurocentric":[292],"ideas":[293],"autonomy":[295],"unity":[297],"over":[298,511],"sociological,":[299],"popular,":[300],"concerns":[304],"serves":[305],"only":[306],"richness":[310],"complexity":[312],"idioms":[316],"whole":[319],"(Ake":[320],"2002;":[321],"2007;":[322],"DeVeaux":[323],"1997;":[324],"Ramsey":[325],"2003).":[326],"This":[327],"article":[328],"meant":[331],"apology":[334],"for":[335,368],"what":[336],"traditionally":[338],"marginalized":[341],"style":[342],"discipline;":[345],"rather,":[346],"hope":[348],"lend":[350],"my":[351],"voice":[352],"growing":[355],"chorus":[356],"aims":[362],"open":[364],"up":[365],"space":[367],"crossover":[372],"genres,":[373],"such":[374,386,576],"reimagine":[380],"history":[383],"includes":[385],"varied":[387],"expressions":[388],"experience.":[392],"Toward":[393],"Definition":[395],"Smooth":[397],"Jazz":[398,622],"Like":[399],"other":[400],"designations":[401],"slippery":[409],"contested.":[411],"phrase":[413],"itself":[415],"arbitrary":[417],"industry":[418],"buzzword:":[419],"product":[421],"record":[423],"label":[424,609],"executives,":[425],"marketing":[426],"firms,":[427],"focus":[429,464],"groups.":[430],"radio":[433],"recording":[435],"industries":[436],"loss":[439],"how":[442],"market":[444],"increasingly":[446],"early":[451,600,604],"1990s,":[452],"California-based":[453],"consulting":[454],"firm":[455],"Broadcast":[456],"Architecture":[457],"was":[458,495],"brought":[459],"organize":[462],"group":[465],"order":[467],"address":[469],"problem":[471],"branding":[473],"trend.":[476],"Frank":[478],"Cody,":[479],"consultant":[481],"charge":[483],"group,":[486],"explains":[487],"Boston":[491],"Globe":[492],"interview:":[493],"It":[494],"actually":[496],"listener":[498],"[who":[499],"put":[500],"words":[502],"together]....":[503],"At":[504],"moment,":[506],"bulbs":[508],"went":[509],"off":[510],"everybody's":[512],"heads":[513],"(Rodman":[514],"2006).":[515],"relative":[518],"novelty":[519],"moniker,":[522],"similar":[523],"related":[525],"use":[530],"since":[531],"mid-1970s":[533],"means":[536,593],"separating":[538,595],"music--a":[540],"cleanly":[541],"produced":[542],"amalgam":[543],"R&B,":[545],"funk,":[546],"soul,":[547],"jazz--from":[549],"high-brow":[552],"jazz-rock":[553],"efforts":[554,607],"groups":[556],"like":[557,585],"Weather":[558],"Report,":[559],"Return":[560],"Forever,":[562],"Mahavishnu":[564],"Orchestra,":[565],"Herbie":[567],"Hancock's":[568],"Head":[569],"Hunters.":[570],"In":[571],"crossover,":[578],"pop-jazz,":[579],"jazz-lite":[581],"stood":[582],"against":[583],"labels":[584],"jazz-rock,":[586],"jazz-fusion,":[587],"fusion":[590],"two":[597],"subgenres":[598],"1974.":[602],"1990s":[605],"radio-led":[606],"coupled":[612],"Billboard's":[614],"creation":[615],"fusion-inspired":[620],"Contemporary":[621],"chart":[623],"around":[624],"same":[626],"time,":[627],"represent":[628],"final":[630],"step":[631],"jazz's":[634],"development":[635],"commercially":[638],"viable":[639],"(if":[640],"artistically":[642],"acceptable)":[643],"style.":[645],"\u2026":[646]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-09-22T06:50:58.402377","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}