{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3147015608","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62183-4_11","title":"Forests, Ungoverned Spaces and the Challenge of Small Arms and Light Weapons Proliferation in Africa","display_name":"Forests, Ungoverned Spaces and the Challenge of Small Arms and Light Weapons Proliferation in Africa","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3147015608","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62183-4_11","mag":"3147015608"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-030-62183-4_11","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62183-4_11","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62183-4_11","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306463937","display_name":"Springer eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Palgrave Handbook of Small Arms and Conflicts in Africa","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"volume":{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4236707037","display_name":"The Palgrave Handbook of Small Arms and Conflicts in Africa"},"type":"book-chapter","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62183-4_11","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050532021","display_name":"Usman A. Tar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8471-1034","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8471-1034"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33783412","display_name":"Nigerian Defence Academy","ror":"https://ror.org/02nt7a109","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33783412"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210147342","display_name":"Al-Qalam University Katsina","ror":"https://ror.org/04fmgc680","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210147342"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Usman A. Tar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Political Science, Al-Kalam University, Katsina, Nigeria","Centre for Defence Studies and Documentation, Nigerian Defence Academy, Kaduna, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Political Science, Al-Kalam University, Katsina, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210147342"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Defence Studies and Documentation, Nigerian Defence Academy, Kaduna, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33783412"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008138041","display_name":"Yusuf Ibrahim Safana","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210147342","display_name":"Al-Qalam University Katsina","ror":"https://ror.org/04fmgc680","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210147342"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yusuf Ibrahim Safana","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Political Science, Al-Kalam University, Katsina, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Political Science, Al-Kalam University, Katsina, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210147342"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5050532021"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33783412","https://openalex.org/I4210147342"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.0266,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97793109,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"223","last_page":"243"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11838","display_name":"Crime, Illicit Activities, and Governance","score":0.3610999882221222,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11838","display_name":"Crime, Illicit Activities, and Governance","score":0.3610999882221222,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10070","display_name":"Political Conflict and Governance","score":0.121799997985363,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14111","display_name":"Diverse Research Studies Overview","score":0.09650000184774399,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forest-management","display_name":"forest management","score":0.875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ungoverned-spaces","display_name":"ungoverned spaces","score":0.9440000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/african-security","display_name":"African security","score":0.7170000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arms-control","display_name":"arms control","score":0.5479999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/illegal-arms-trafficking","display_name":"illegal arms trafficking","score":0.5830000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/armed-conflict","display_name":"armed conflict","score":0.3970000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/insurgency","display_name":"insurgency","score":0.7580000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/militancy","display_name":"militancy","score":0.6669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cattle-rustling","display_name":"cattle rustling","score":0.8399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/highway-robbery","display_name":"highway robbery","score":0.5870000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/porous-borders","display_name":"porous borders","score":0.656000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-state-armed-groups","display_name":"non-state armed groups","score":0.5180000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sub-saharan-africa","display_name":"sub-Saharan Africa","score":0.5550000071525574}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779066997","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6452087","display_name":"Extortion","level":2,"score":0.6005846261978149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019446561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12796","display_name":"Small arms","level":2,"score":0.5846118927001953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C510578393","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1323212","display_name":"Insurgency","level":3,"score":0.5801873803138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203133693","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7283","display_name":"Terrorism","level":2,"score":0.5367902517318726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555826173","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7174","display_name":"Democracy","level":3,"score":0.5323318243026733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5169936418533325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.5111494660377502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.4814726412296295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47768531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127188","display_name":"Development economics","level":1,"score":0.4188842475414276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.41330695152282715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526734887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q832237","display_name":"Environmental protection","level":1,"score":0.34443894028663635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.20732909440994263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155202549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803","display_name":"International trade","level":1,"score":0.20714044570922852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.20037132501602173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.09659886360168457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-030-62183-4_11","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62183-4_11","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62183-4_11","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306463937","display_name":"Springer eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Palgrave Handbook of Small Arms and Conflicts in Africa","raw_type":"book-chapter"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/978-3-030-62183-4_11","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62183-4_11","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62183-4_11","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306463937","display_name":"Springer eBooks","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319965","host_organization_name":"Springer Nature","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Nature"],"type":"ebook platform"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Palgrave Handbook of Small Arms and Conflicts in Africa","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","score":0.9599999785423279,"display_name":"Life on land"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.9595999717712402,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W171396121","https://openalex.org/W1489684290","https://openalex.org/W1566628972","https://openalex.org/W1598397750","https://openalex.org/W1814469314","https://openalex.org/W2063103403","https://openalex.org/W2187401681","https://openalex.org/W2245236560","https://openalex.org/W2734944711","https://openalex.org/W2740124403","https://openalex.org/W2781440304","https://openalex.org/W2889384961","https://openalex.org/W2911834505","https://openalex.org/W2992079869","https://openalex.org/W2992472231","https://openalex.org/W4206368524","https://openalex.org/W4253896127","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6836726903","https://openalex.org/W6922653398"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3149927421","https://openalex.org/W3139823599","https://openalex.org/W3151412736","https://openalex.org/W3145861863","https://openalex.org/W3148411427","https://openalex.org/W7219566545","https://openalex.org/W4379407645","https://openalex.org/W1600853271","https://openalex.org/W4408125801","https://openalex.org/W2562492777"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Forest":[0,170],"Management":[1],"not":[2],"only":[3],"deals":[4],"with":[5,283],"the":[6,9,44,62,90,124,167,181,240,251,264,317,346,356,393],"governance":[7],"of":[8,27,76,93,99,147,183,194,242,257,266,287,294,306,319,332,348,373],"flora":[10],"and":[11,24,30,33,37,59,73,79,86,106,116,139,174,186,218,237,270,280,289,291,296,326,329,340,351,362,375,384,401],"fauna,":[12],"but":[13],"also":[14],"when":[15],"properly":[16,360],"executed,":[17],"denies":[18],"a":[19,53,304],"safe":[20],"home":[21],"to":[22,57,69,109,190,248,369,397],"criminals":[23],"smooth":[25],"running":[26],"smuggling,":[28],"human":[29],"drug":[31],"trafficking":[32],"indeed":[34],"Small":[35],"Arms":[36],"light":[38,80],"Weapons":[39],"proliferation":[40,173,189,318],"(SALWs).":[41],"Of":[42],"recent":[43],"porous":[45],"borders":[46],"in":[47,82,89,144,210,215,221,260,263,311,367],"most":[48],"African":[49,94,175,191,225,357,394],"countries":[50,226],"have":[51],"constituted":[52],"major":[54],"security":[55,110,176,382],"threats":[56],"states":[58,395],"communities":[60],"within":[61,250],"continent.":[63,91],"The":[64,119,313,343],"situation":[65],"is":[66,159,316],"largely":[67],"attributed":[68],"\"forest":[70],"policy":[71],"gaps\"":[72],"inadequate":[74],"control":[75,350],"small":[77,197,258,320],"arms":[78,198,259,321,349,374,391],"weapons":[81],"vast":[83],"rural":[84],"forests":[85,95,185,358],"urban":[87],"fringes":[88],"Most":[92],"are":[96,121,208,262,303,359,365],"now":[97],"hideouts":[98],"non-state":[100],"actors":[101],"where":[102],"they":[103],"recruit,":[104],"train":[105],"launch":[107],"attacks":[108],"personnel,":[111],"road":[112],"users,":[113],"government":[114,386],"institutions":[115],"defenceless":[117],"communities.":[118],"areas":[120],"increasingly":[122],"becoming":[123],"centre":[125],"for":[126],"terrorism,":[127],"militancy,":[128,336],"insurgency,":[129,337],"cattle":[130],"rustling,":[131],"armed":[132,140,233],"Robbery,":[133],"kidnapping,":[134,338],"extortion,":[135],"raping,":[136],"ritual":[137],"killings":[138],"banditry":[141],"more":[142],"especially":[143],"Democratic":[145],"Republic":[146],"Congo,":[148],"South":[149],"Sudan,":[150],"Kenya,":[151],"Niger":[152],"Republic,":[153],"Chad,":[154],"Cameroon,":[155],"Nigeria,":[156],"etc.":[157],"It":[158,178],"against":[160,380],"this":[161,164],"background":[162],"that":[163,205,245,301],"chapter":[165,299,344],"examined":[166],"linkage":[168],"between":[169,235],"Management,":[171],"SALWs":[172,188],"challenges.":[177],"focuses":[179],"on":[180,232,390],"implications":[182],"ungoverned":[184],"illegal":[187,371],"security.":[192],"Out":[193],"640":[195],"million":[196,207,214,220],"circulating":[199],"globally,":[200],"it":[201],"has":[202,323],"been":[203],"estimated":[204,255],"100":[206],"found":[209,388],"Africa":[211,217,261],"about":[212],"30":[213],"sub-Saharan":[216],"8":[219],"West":[222],"Africa,":[223],"alone.":[224],"spent":[227],"over":[228,274],"300":[229],"billion":[230],"dollars":[231],"conflict":[234],"1990":[236],"2005,":[238],"equalling":[239],"sum":[241],"international":[243],"aid":[244],"was":[246],"granted":[247],"them":[249],"same":[252],"period.":[253],"An":[254],"79%":[256],"hands":[265],"civilians.":[267],"Between":[268],"2000":[269],"2013,":[271],"there":[272,302],"were":[273,378],"40":[275],"communal":[276],"clashes,":[277],"sectarian":[278],"violence":[279],"ethno-religious":[281],"conflicts":[282],"each":[284],"claiming":[285],"hundreds":[286],"lives":[288],"properties,":[290],"internal":[292],"displacement":[293],"women":[295],"children.":[297],"This":[298],"reveals":[300],"number":[305],"challenges":[307],"bedevilling":[308],"forest":[309,352],"managment":[310],"Africa.":[312],"key":[314],"factor":[315],"which":[322],"given":[324],"spawned":[325],"exacerbated":[327],"existing":[328],"emerging":[330],"forms":[331],"insecurity":[333],"such":[334],"as":[335],"cattle-rustling":[339],"highway":[341],"robbery.":[342],"emphaise":[345],"imperatives":[347],"management.":[353],"Therefore,":[354],"until":[355],"managed":[361],"drastic":[363],"measures":[364],"put":[366],"place":[368],"arrest":[370],"supply":[372],"draconian":[376],"actions":[377],"taken":[379],"both":[381],"personnel":[383],"other":[385],"officials":[387],"guilty":[389],"deal,":[392],"commitments":[396],"achieve":[398],"sustainable":[399],"peace":[400],"development":[402],"will":[403],"remain":[404],"elusive.":[405]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2021-04-13T00:00:00"}