{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3146983463","doi":null,"title":"Monitoring, Motivation and Management: The Determinants of Opportunistic Behavior in a Field Experiment","display_name":"Monitoring, Motivation and Management: The Determinants of Opportunistic Behavior in a Field Experiment","publication_year":2002,"publication_date":"2002-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3146983463","mag":"3146983463"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:nbr:nberwo:8811","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.nber.org/papers/w8811.pdf","pdf_url":"http://www.nber.org/papers/w8811.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090183461","display_name":"Daniel S. Nagin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0075-1851","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0075-1851"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel S. Nagin","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0075-1851","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072074250","display_name":"James B. Rebitzer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5159-8204","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5159-8204"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James B. Rebitzer","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5159-8204","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070756105","display_name":"Seth Sanders","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6810-3979","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6810-3979"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seth Sanders","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6810-3979","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045979485","display_name":"Lowell J. Taylor","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lowell J. Taylor","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10646","display_name":"Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10646","display_name":"Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10006","display_name":"Job Satisfaction and Organizational Behavior","score":0.0015999999595806003,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1407","display_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10797","display_name":"Accounting and Organizational Management","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monitoring","display_name":"monitoring","score":0.5649999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pay-for-performance","display_name":"performance-based pay","score":0.753000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/employment-relationship","display_name":"employment relationship","score":0.5019999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/employee-motivation","display_name":"employee motivation","score":0.3659999966621399}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29122968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414816","display_name":"Incentive","level":2,"score":0.7702271938323975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129631789","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334173","display_name":"Opportunism","level":2,"score":0.6950114965438843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5411434173583984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.4913710653781891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66887028","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q382444","display_name":"Marginal cost","level":2,"score":0.4875321090221405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36375443","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7295774","display_name":"Rational planning model","level":2,"score":0.443037211894989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.43453723192214966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96016098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853949","display_name":"Rational expectations","level":2,"score":0.41845786571502686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4140499234199524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.33797428011894226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.19274896383285522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:nbr:nberwo:8811","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.nber.org/papers/w8811.pdf","pdf_url":"http://www.nber.org/papers/w8811.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016904145","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://papers.nber.org/papers/w8811.pdf","pdf_url":"http://papers.nber.org/papers/w8811.pdf","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:3146983463","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:nbr:nberwo:8811","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.7825999855995178}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W132454568","https://openalex.org/W7098692485","https://openalex.org/W3126049526","https://openalex.org/W1541720930","https://openalex.org/W4280542878","https://openalex.org/W2261113047","https://openalex.org/W7100677962","https://openalex.org/W3122501368","https://openalex.org/W2194145761","https://openalex.org/W1491946105"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Economic":[0],"models":[1],"of":[2,13,24,55,66,106,125,142,153,172],"incentives":[3],"in":[4,109,118,122,157,179],"employment":[5,84,128],"relationships":[6],"are":[7,16],"based":[8],"on":[9,111],"a":[10,95,150,169],"specific":[11],"theory":[12],"motivation.":[14],"Employees":[15],"'rational":[17,58,89,161],"cheaters,":[18],"'":[19],"who":[20,82],"anticipate":[21],"the":[22,30,35,53,63,88,104,123,132,140,160,180,195],"consequences":[23],"their":[25,143,191],"actions":[26],"and":[27,47,69,78],"shirk":[28],"when":[29],"perceived":[31],"marginal":[32,36],"benefit":[33],"exceeds":[34],"cost.":[37],"Managers":[38],"respond":[39,176],"to":[40,102,177,187],"this":[41],"decision":[42],"calculus":[43],"by":[44,74,79,194],"implementing":[45],"monitoring":[46,110,181],"incentive":[48],"pay":[49],"practices":[50],"that":[51,99,119,149,168],"lessen":[52],"attraction":[54],"shirking.":[56],"This":[57,183],"cheater":[59,90,162],"model'":[60,91],"is":[61,71,116,185],"not":[62,175],"only":[64],"model":[65],"opportunistic":[67],"behavior,":[68],"indeed":[70],"viewed":[72],"skeptically":[73],"human":[75],"resource":[76],"practitioners":[77],"many":[80],"non-economists":[81],"study":[83],"relationships.":[85],"We":[86,164],"investigate":[87],"using":[92],"data":[93],"from":[94],"double-blind":[96],"field":[97],"experiment":[98,115],"allows":[100],"us":[101],"observe":[103],"effect":[105],"experimentally-induced":[107],"variations":[108],"employee":[112,188],"opportunism.":[113],"The":[114,146],"unique":[117],"it":[120],"occurs":[121],"context":[124],"an":[126],"ongoing":[127],"relationship,":[129],"i.e.,":[130],"with":[131,159],"firm's":[133],"employees":[134,154,173],"producing":[135],"output":[136],"as":[137],"usual":[138],"under":[139],"supervision":[141],"front-line":[144],"managers.":[145],"results":[147],"indicate":[148],"significant":[151],"fraction":[152],"behave":[155],"roughly":[156],"ccordance":[158],"model.'":[163],"also":[165],"find,":[166],"however,":[167],"substantial":[170],"proportion":[171],"do":[174],"manipulations":[178],"rate.":[182],"heterogeneity":[184],"related":[186],"assessments":[189],"about":[190],"general":[192],"treatment":[193],"emp":[196],"loyer.":[197]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-09-04T10:56:28.161419","created_date":"2021-04-13T00:00:00"}