{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3143359590","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iotm.0011.2000076","title":"Autonomous Transportation in Emergency Healthcare Services: Framework, Challenges, and Future Work","display_name":"Autonomous Transportation in Emergency Healthcare Services: Framework, Challenges, and Future Work","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3143359590","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iotm.0011.2000076","mag":"3143359590"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/iotm.0011.2000076","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iotm.0011.2000076","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iotm.0011.2000076","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201254","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Magazine","issn_l":"2576-3180","issn":["2576-3180","2576-3199"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://uwe-repository.worktribe.com/file/15193603/1/Autonomous%20Transportation%20In%20Emergency%20Healthcare%20Services%20%20Framework%20%20Challenges%20%20And%20Future%20Work","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054572084","display_name":"Muhammad Khalid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2674-2489","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2674-2489"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51532219","display_name":"University of Lincoln","ror":"https://ror.org/03yeq9x20","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51532219"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Khalid","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Lincoln, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Lincoln, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51532219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024527063","display_name":"Muhammad Awais","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6421-9245","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6421-9245"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165525304","display_name":"Edge Hill University","ror":"https://ror.org/028ndzd53","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165525304"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Awais","raw_affiliation_strings":["Edgehill University, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Edgehill University, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165525304"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082779354","display_name":"Nishant Kumar Singh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5278-5864","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5278-5864"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","display_name":"University of Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/03angcq70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nishant Singh","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Birmingham, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Birmingham, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005292451","display_name":"Suleman Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6486-3093","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6486-3093","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1190-258X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32394136","display_name":"Northumbria University","ror":"https://ror.org/049e6bc10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Suleman Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northumbria University, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northumbria University, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038684692","display_name":"Mohsin Raza","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7351-9749","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7351-9749"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165525304","display_name":"Edge Hill University","ror":"https://ror.org/028ndzd53","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165525304"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohsin Raza","raw_affiliation_strings":["Edgehill University, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Edgehill University, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165525304"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063958998","display_name":"Qasim Malik","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86987016","display_name":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/026vcq606","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qasim Badar Malik","raw_affiliation_strings":["KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031927335","display_name":"Muhammad Ali Imran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6946-2591","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6946-2591","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4743-9136","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1213-7250"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Imran","raw_affiliation_strings":["King Saud University, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"King Saud University, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2995,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2995},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.1754,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":37,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91375219,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"1","first_page":"28","last_page":"33"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11942","display_name":"Transportation and Mobility Innovations","score":0.49459999799728394,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11942","display_name":"Transportation and Mobility Innovations","score":0.49459999799728394,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.25609999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.04129999876022339,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autonomous-transportation","display_name":"autonomous transportation","score":0.7580000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autonomous-vehicles","display_name":"autonomous vehicles","score":0.9810000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.859000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-reinforcement-learning","display_name":"deep reinforcement learning","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emergency-detection","display_name":"emergency detection","score":0.6190000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption-reduction","display_name":"energy consumption reduction","score":0.6629999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-pollution","display_name":"environmental pollution","score":0.6380000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covid-19","display_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","score":0.7480000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/road-infrastructure","display_name":"road infrastructure","score":0.6299999952316284}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47796450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q508378","display_name":"Intelligent transportation system","level":2,"score":0.5768027305603027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.5710853338241577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.4990971088409424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190839683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2448197","display_name":"Train","level":2,"score":0.49676138162612915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4681295156478882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65414064","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484105","display_name":"Autonomy","level":2,"score":0.4245561957359314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3898550271987915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.38551315665245056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.3806166350841522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3764588236808777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2713125944137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/iotm.0011.2000076","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iotm.0011.2000076","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iotm.0011.2000076","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201254","display_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Magazine","issn_l":"2576-3180","issn":["2576-3180","2576-3199"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Internet of Things Magazine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:nrl.northumbria.ac.uk:45078","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/id/eprint/45078/1/IOTMAG_20_00076.R1_Proof_hi_1_.pdf","pdf_url":"https://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/id/eprint/45078/1/IOTMAG_20_00076.R1_Proof_hi_1_.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401884","display_name":"Northumbria Research Link (Northumbria University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I32394136","host_organization_name":"Northumbria University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:uwe-repository.worktribe.com:15193603","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://uwe-repository.worktribe.com/output/15193603","pdf_url":"https://uwe-repository.worktribe.com/file/15193603/1/Autonomous%20Transportation%20In%20Emergency%20Healthcare%20Services%20%20Framework%20%20Challenges%20%20And%20Future%20Work","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401464","display_name":"UWE Research Repository (UWE Bristol)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I178535277","host_organization_name":"University of the West of England","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I178535277"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/d7253846-34e6-4ad1-8cb5-a2aa413350e6","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research.edgehill.ac.uk/en/publications/d7253846-34e6-4ad1-8cb5-a2aa413350e6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402462","display_name":"Edge Hill University Research Information Repository (Edge Hill University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I165525304","host_organization_name":"Edge Hill University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165525304"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Khalid, M, Awais, M, Singh, N, Khan, S, Raza, M, Malik, Q B & Imran, M 2021, 'Autonomous Transportation in Emergency Healthcare Services: Framework, Challenges, and Future Work', IEEE Internet of Things Magazine, vol. 4, no. 1, 9390470, pp. 28-33. https://doi.org/10.1109/iotm.0011.2000076","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk:93756","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/93756/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400384","display_name":"UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1118541","host_organization_name":"University of East Anglia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1118541"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:uwe-repository.worktribe.com:15193603","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://uwe-repository.worktribe.com/output/15193603","pdf_url":"https://uwe-repository.worktribe.com/file/15193603/1/Autonomous%20Transportation%20In%20Emergency%20Healthcare%20Services%20%20Framework%20%20Challenges%20%20And%20Future%20Work","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401464","display_name":"UWE Research Repository (UWE Bristol)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I178535277","host_organization_name":"University of the West of England","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I178535277"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":1.0,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.6240000128746033,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3143359590.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3143359590.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2117141700","https://openalex.org/W2776398026","https://openalex.org/W2784039032","https://openalex.org/W2794150016","https://openalex.org/W2796733030","https://openalex.org/W2906758593","https://openalex.org/W2921939364","https://openalex.org/W2932453026","https://openalex.org/W2947409032","https://openalex.org/W2949876223","https://openalex.org/W2971617190","https://openalex.org/W2979342890","https://openalex.org/W2997454486","https://openalex.org/W3022706795","https://openalex.org/W3037964625","https://openalex.org/W3156856274","https://openalex.org/W6777518823"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3166405456","https://openalex.org/W3136452298","https://openalex.org/W4401099626","https://openalex.org/W4402281261","https://openalex.org/W3136101750","https://openalex.org/W4307094787","https://openalex.org/W3198888281","https://openalex.org/W4200218581","https://openalex.org/W4391770444","https://openalex.org/W6949739324"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"pandemics":[1],"like":[2],"Covid-19,":[3],"the":[4,30,63,71],"use":[5,72],"of":[6,13,18,42,57,65,73],"autonomy":[7],"and":[8,39,45,75,81,99,111,122,129,142,151],"machine":[9],"learning":[10,102],"technologies":[11],"are":[12],"high":[14],"importance.":[15],"The":[16,104],"Internet":[17],"Things":[19],"(IoT)-enabled":[20],"autonomous":[21,96],"transportation":[22,32,58,123],"system":[23],"(ATS)":[24],"envisions":[25],"a":[26,54],"fundamental":[27],"change":[28],"in":[29,154],"traditional":[31],"system.":[33],"It":[34],"aims":[35],"to":[36,70,78,125],"provide":[37],"intelligent":[38],"automated":[40],"transport":[41],"passengers,":[43],"goods,":[44],"services":[46,94,124,134],"with":[47],"minimal":[48],"human":[49],"interference.":[50],"While":[51],"ATS":[52,89,128,156],"targets":[53],"broad":[55],"spectrum":[56],"(cars,":[59],"trains,":[60],"planes,":[61],"etc.),":[62],"focus":[64],"this":[66],"article":[67,85,146],"is":[68],"limited":[69],"vehicles":[74,97],"road":[76],"infrastructure":[77],"support":[79],"healthcare":[80,93,132,158],"related":[82],"services.":[83,159],"This":[84,145],"offers":[86],"an":[87],"IoT-based":[88],"framework":[90,106],"for":[91,131,157],"emergency":[92,108,119],"using":[95,155],"(AVs)":[98],"deep":[100],"reinforcement":[101],"(DRL).":[103],"DRL-enabled":[105],"identifies":[107],"situations":[109],"smartly":[110],"helps":[112],"AVs":[113],"make":[114],"faster":[115],"decisions":[116],"on":[117],"providing":[118],"health":[120],"aid":[121],"patients.":[126],"Using":[127],"DRL":[130],"mobility":[133],"will":[135],"also":[136,147],"contribute":[137],"toward":[138],"minimizing":[139],"energy":[140],"consumption":[141],"environmental":[143],"pollution.":[144],"discusses":[148],"current":[149],"challenges":[150],"future":[152],"works":[153]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2021-04-13T00:00:00"}