{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3142196258","doi":null,"title":"Issues on the Estimation of Latent Variable and Latent Class Models with Social Science Applications","display_name":"Issues on the Estimation of Latent Variable and Latent Class Models with Social Science Applications","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-07-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3142196258","mag":"3142196258"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:boa.unimib.it:10281/46004","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10281/46004","pdf_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10281/46004","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401259","display_name":"BOA (University of Milano-Bicocca)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I66752286","host_organization_name":"University of Milano-Bicocca","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66752286"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10281/46004","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021943787","display_name":"Fulvia Pennoni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6331-7211","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6331-7211"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fulvia Pennoni","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6331-7211","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5021943787"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10467","display_name":"Psychometric Methodologies and Testing","score":0.986299991607666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10467","display_name":"Psychometric Methodologies and Testing","score":0.986299991607666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11303","display_name":"Bayesian Modeling and Causal Inference","score":0.003800000064074993,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10243","display_name":"Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference","score":0.0010999999940395355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latent-variable-modeling","display_name":"latent variable models","score":0.9390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latent-class-models","display_name":"latent class models","score":0.9879999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/directed-acyclic-graphs","display_name":"directed acyclic graphs","score":0.7149999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-property","display_name":"Markov property","score":0.6700000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-equation-modeling","display_name":"structural equation modeling","score":0.8669999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hidden-markov-models","display_name":"hidden Markov models","score":0.8700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-identifiability","display_name":"model identifiability","score":0.7099999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expectation-maximization-algorithm","display_name":"expectation-maximization algorithm","score":0.7540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/observed-information-matrix","display_name":"observed information matrix","score":0.871999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-attainment","display_name":"educational attainment","score":0.7459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/criminology","display_name":"criminology","score":0.9390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-graphical-models","display_name":"probabilistic graphical models","score":0.4569999873638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/association-models","display_name":"association models","score":0.4399999976158142}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70727504","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1806878","display_name":"Latent class model","level":2,"score":0.752436637878418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51167844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4422623","display_name":"Latent variable","level":2,"score":0.7246080636978149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74197172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1195339","display_name":"Directed acyclic graph","level":2,"score":0.685417890548706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.564033031463623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65965080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1806885","display_name":"Latent variable model","level":3,"score":0.47939300537109375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901177","display_name":"Gaussian","level":2,"score":0.4683011770248413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53052385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17104046","display_name":"Mixed graph","level":5,"score":0.4592461585998535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4510915279388428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199163554","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1681619","display_name":"Univariate","level":3,"score":0.4500558376312256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.4496743977069855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28826006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33521","display_name":"Applied mathematics","level":1,"score":0.37349194288253784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.37233757972717285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.36012768745422363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.3035721182823181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2582801580429077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.22944432497024536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161584116","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1952580","display_name":"Multivariate statistics","level":2,"score":0.16934630274772644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22149727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7940747","display_name":"Voltage graph","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203776342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1378376","display_name":"Line graph","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:boa.unimib.it:10281/46004","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10281/46004","pdf_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10281/46004","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401259","display_name":"BOA (University of Milano-Bicocca)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I66752286","host_organization_name":"University of Milano-Bicocca","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66752286"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis"},{"id":"mag:3142196258","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://boa.unimib.it/bitstream/10281/46004/1/FulviaPennoniPhDThesis_c.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:boa.unimib.it:10281/46004","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10281/46004","pdf_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10281/46004","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401259","display_name":"BOA (University of Milano-Bicocca)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I66752286","host_organization_name":"University of Milano-Bicocca","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66752286"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3142196258.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3142196258.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":131,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W26126504","https://openalex.org/W26271068","https://openalex.org/W30853191","https://openalex.org/W42670528","https://openalex.org/W46365459","https://openalex.org/W58491437","https://openalex.org/W84440327","https://openalex.org/W102368363","https://openalex.org/W120766382","https://openalex.org/W194242946","https://openalex.org/W205085609","https://openalex.org/W603661147","https://openalex.org/W1493897007","https://openalex.org/W1494413412","https://openalex.org/W1500535712","https://openalex.org/W1506602547","https://openalex.org/W1510976864","https://openalex.org/W1522229328","https://openalex.org/W1524326598","https://openalex.org/W1524937825","https://openalex.org/W1549765610","https://openalex.org/W1555813408","https://openalex.org/W1568630176","https://openalex.org/W1579271636","https://openalex.org/W1589927998","https://openalex.org/W1748168094","https://openalex.org/W1964332463","https://openalex.org/W1964356176","https://openalex.org/W1972295174","https://openalex.org/W1972337487","https://openalex.org/W1973266851","https://openalex.org/W1977690962","https://openalex.org/W1979790740","https://openalex.org/W1982589806","https://openalex.org/W1990194721","https://openalex.org/W1991385580","https://openalex.org/W1991899255","https://openalex.org/W1992402718","https://openalex.org/W1993275509","https://openalex.org/W1993423458","https://openalex.org/W1994719642","https://openalex.org/W1994764929","https://openalex.org/W1996264676","https://openalex.org/W1997330507","https://openalex.org/W1997927050","https://openalex.org/W2007321142","https://openalex.org/W2007386415","https://openalex.org/W2007733246","https://openalex.org/W2008414835","https://openalex.org/W2008958026","https://openalex.org/W2013567125","https://openalex.org/W2013734009","https://openalex.org/W2019657225","https://openalex.org/W2021641691","https://openalex.org/W2022318223","https://openalex.org/W2030076260","https://openalex.org/W2035172411","https://openalex.org/W2035496183","https://openalex.org/W2036727900","https://openalex.org/W2036964712","https://openalex.org/W2038711071","https://openalex.org/W2038859824","https://openalex.org/W2040072436","https://openalex.org/W2041990424","https://openalex.org/W2042754429","https://openalex.org/W2043237345","https://openalex.org/W2044394043","https://openalex.org/W2052922688","https://openalex.org/W2053742104","https://openalex.org/W2055289026","https://openalex.org/W2058369607","https://openalex.org/W2059334100","https://openalex.org/W2060136436","https://openalex.org/W2060428397","https://openalex.org/W2060530519","https://openalex.org/W2060542838","https://openalex.org/W2062594082","https://openalex.org/W2066967577","https://openalex.org/W2070461923","https://openalex.org/W2071128523","https://openalex.org/W2071861030","https://openalex.org/W2075129888","https://openalex.org/W2075750521","https://openalex.org/W2075789550","https://openalex.org/W2081425747","https://openalex.org/W2082503527","https://openalex.org/W2083890292","https://openalex.org/W2085076749","https://openalex.org/W2086699924","https://openalex.org/W2088963425","https://openalex.org/W2089763487","https://openalex.org/W2091320979","https://openalex.org/W2100400939","https://openalex.org/W2106756484","https://openalex.org/W2109789285","https://openalex.org/W2121710990","https://openalex.org/W2123923058","https://openalex.org/W2124181495","https://openalex.org/W2124316204","https://openalex.org/W2128887635","https://openalex.org/W2133487567","https://openalex.org/W2135338737","https://openalex.org/W2138254639","https://openalex.org/W2151528256","https://openalex.org/W2151982307","https://openalex.org/W2152343454","https://openalex.org/W2161908604","https://openalex.org/W2163362757","https://openalex.org/W2166698530","https://openalex.org/W2167826316","https://openalex.org/W2168659786","https://openalex.org/W2169315100","https://openalex.org/W2266640656","https://openalex.org/W2281985179","https://openalex.org/W2313470939","https://openalex.org/W2324309783","https://openalex.org/W2334044714","https://openalex.org/W2334467783","https://openalex.org/W2468822137","https://openalex.org/W2509353964","https://openalex.org/W2554987453","https://openalex.org/W2732998557","https://openalex.org/W2796724690","https://openalex.org/W2796930440","https://openalex.org/W2797570932","https://openalex.org/W2799202302","https://openalex.org/W2799856606","https://openalex.org/W3026026050","https://openalex.org/W3146174752","https://openalex.org/W3157264244","https://openalex.org/W4241635929"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2344744268","https://openalex.org/W2397716696","https://openalex.org/W7010176842","https://openalex.org/W2038374320","https://openalex.org/W2270140793","https://openalex.org/W3183524045","https://openalex.org/W192026415","https://openalex.org/W2109587480","https://openalex.org/W2240632043","https://openalex.org/W2001161274"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"Ph.D.":[1],"work":[2,248],"is":[3,53,59,182,250,275,336,367,508,537],"made":[4],"of":[5,15,41,45,50,65,74,101,136,151,191,209,258,300,303,339,364,385,404,417,447,455,462,472,499,522,545,555,558],"different":[6],"reseach":[7],"problems":[8],"which":[9,84,362,483,536],"have":[10,85],"in":[11,29,39,91,355,361,486,561],"common":[12],"the":[13,26,30,48,66,72,94,102,112,119,129,180,201,210,231,241,246,259,286,311,318,357,365,371,382,386,393,397,402,405,418,423,429,438,448,453,456,460,463,470,473,479,487,496,519,540,551],"precence":[14],"latent":[16,287,295,323,504,513],"variables.":[17,98,169,306],"Chapters":[18,33],"1":[19],"and":[20,35,55,76,78,122,143,156,166,193,200,314,343,441,547,563],"2":[21,282],"provide":[22,118,401],"accessible":[23],"primer":[24],"on":[25,124,310,434,452],"models":[27,73,83,162,174,204,234,254,262,360,430],"developped":[28],"subsequent":[31],"chapters.":[32],"3":[34,352],"4":[36,493],"are":[37,205,255,330],"written":[38],"form":[40,93,155],"articles.":[42],"A":[43],"list":[44],"references":[46],"at":[47],"end":[49],"each":[51],"chapter":[52,70,274,449],"provided":[54],"a":[56,134,189,195,219,228,256,301,410,512,525,529,556],"general":[57],"bibliography":[58],"also":[60,517],"reported":[61],"as":[62,227,230,268],"last":[63],"part":[64],"work.":[67],"The":[68,99,198,207,273,332,444,466,503,533],"first":[69,116,445],"introduces":[71],"depedence":[75],"association":[77],"their":[79],"interpretation":[80],"using":[81,392,422,524],"graphical":[82,92],"been":[86,377],"proved":[87],"useful":[88],"to":[89,111,140,161,184,321,477,528],"display":[90],"essential":[95],"relationships":[96],"between":[97],"structure":[100,181,521],"graph":[103,125],"yields":[104],"direct":[105],"information":[106,420,425],"about":[107],"various":[108],"aspects":[109],"related":[110],"statistical":[113,474],"analysis.":[114],"At":[115],"we":[117,172,316,353,379,408],"necessary":[120,458],"notation":[121],"background":[123],"theory.":[126],"We":[127,427],"describe":[128],"Markov":[130,334],"properties":[131],"that":[132,252,516],"associate":[133],"set":[135,302,535],"conditional":[137],"independence":[138],"assumptions":[139],"an":[141,414],"undirected":[142],"directed":[144],"graph.":[145],"Such":[146],"definitions":[147],"does":[148,399],"not":[149,368,400],"depend":[150],"any":[152],"particular":[153,171],"distributional":[154],"hence":[157],"can":[158,224,389],"be":[159,185,225,390],"applied":[160],"with":[163,431],"both":[164,346],"discrete":[165],"continuous":[167,177],"random":[168],"In":[170,245,350],"consider":[173,317,354],"for":[175,264,290,373,412,459,565],"Gaussian":[176,359],"variables":[178,239,297,342,345,366],"where":[179],"assumed":[183],"adequately":[186],"described":[187],"via":[188],"vector":[190],"means":[192,299],"by":[194,218,277,298,510],"covariance":[196,202],"matrix.":[197],"concentration":[199],"graphs":[203],"illustrated.":[206],"specification":[208],"complex":[211],"multivariate":[212,243],"distribution":[213],"through":[214],"univariate":[215],"regressions":[216],"induced":[217],"Directed":[220],"Acyclic":[221],"Graph":[222],"(DAG)":[223],"regarded":[226],"simplification,":[229],"single":[232],"regression":[233],"typically":[235],"involve":[236],"considerably":[237],"fewer":[238],"than":[240],"whole":[242],"vector.":[244],"present":[247],"it":[249],"shown":[251],"such":[253],"subclass":[257],"structural":[260],"equation":[261],"developed":[263],"linear":[265],"analysis":[266],"known":[267],"Structural":[269],"Equation":[270],"Models":[271],"(SEM)":[272],"concluded":[276],"some":[278,308],"bibliographical":[279],"notes.":[280],"Chapter":[281,351,492],"takes":[283],"into":[284],"account":[285],"class":[288,505,514],"model":[289,312,319,335,507,515],"measuring":[291],"one":[292,363],"or":[293],"more":[294],"categorical":[296,305],"observed":[304,344,387,419],"After":[307],"notes":[309],"identifiability":[313],"estimation":[315],"extension":[320],"study":[322],"changes":[324],"over":[325,348],"time":[326],"when":[327],"longitudinal":[328,520],"studies":[329],"used.":[331],"hidden":[333,340],"presented":[337],"cosisting":[338],"state":[341],"varying":[347],"time.":[349],"detail":[356],"DAG":[358],"observed.":[369],"Once":[370],"condition":[372],"global":[374],"identification":[375],"has":[376],"satisfied,":[378],"show":[380],"how":[381],"incomplete":[383],"log-likelihood":[384],"data":[388,436,523,534],"maximize":[391],"EM":[394,398,464],"algorithm.":[395,465],"As":[396],"matrix":[403,421],"second":[406,467],"derivatives":[407],"propose":[409],"method":[411,526],"obtaining":[413],"explicit":[415],"formula":[416],"missing":[424],"principle.":[426],"illustrate":[428],"two":[432],"examples":[433],"real":[435],"concerning":[437],"educational":[439],"attainement":[440],"criminological":[442],"research.":[443],"appendix":[446,468],"reports":[450,469],"details":[451],"calculations":[454],"quantities":[457],"E-step":[461],"code":[471],"software":[475],"R":[476,488],"get":[478],"estimated":[480],"standard":[481],"errors,":[482],"may":[484],"implemented":[485],"package":[489],"called":[490],"ggm.":[491],"starts":[494],"from":[495,539],"practical":[497],"problem":[498],"classifying":[500],"criminal":[501,553],"activity.":[502],"cluster":[506],"extended":[509],"proposing":[511],"incorporates":[518],"similar":[527],"local":[530],"likelihood":[531],"approach.":[532],"taken":[538],"Home":[541],"Office":[542],"Offenders":[543],"Index":[544],"England":[546],"Wales.":[548],"It":[549],"contains":[550],"complete":[552],"histories":[554],"sample":[557],"those":[559],"born":[560],"1953":[562],"followed":[564],"forty":[566],"years.":[567]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2021-04-13T00:00:00"}
