{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3142045228","doi":null,"title":"The Mark of a Criminal Record","display_name":"The Mark of a Criminal Record","publication_year":2005,"publication_date":"2005-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3142045228","mag":"3142045228"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:3142045228","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.njjn.org/uploads/digital-library/resource_165.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043962579","display_name":"David B. Grusky","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8469-2654","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8469-2654"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David B. Grusky","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8469-2654","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008464026","display_name":"Eric Grodsky","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2178-0803","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2178-0803"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eric Grodsky","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2178-0803","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019827576","display_name":"Chet Kelii-Wallraff Pager","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chet Pager","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northwestern University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwestern University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005888931","display_name":"Irving M. Piliavin","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Irving Piliavin","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081711064","display_name":"Jeremy Freese A","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9451-6432","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9451-6432"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeremy Freese","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9451-6432","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":86.2386,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":127,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99943899,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10318","display_name":"Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis","score":0.7914999723434448,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10318","display_name":"Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis","score":0.7914999723434448,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12970","display_name":"Names, Identity, and Discrimination Research","score":0.20630000531673431,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10208","display_name":"Labor market dynamics and wage inequality","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/criminal-records","display_name":"criminal records","score":0.9330000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/employment-discrimination","display_name":"employment discrimination","score":0.8700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/incarceration","display_name":"incarceration","score":0.5070000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-disparities","display_name":"racial disparities","score":0.6549999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/labor-market-access","display_name":"labor market access","score":0.4339999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/audit-studies","display_name":"audit studies","score":0.41100001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entry-level-jobs","display_name":"entry-level jobs","score":0.675000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-stratification","display_name":"social stratification","score":0.6589999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recidivism","display_name":"recidivism","score":0.5109999775886536}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780597079","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070100","display_name":"Criminal record","level":2,"score":0.7822397351264954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102587632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117488","display_name":"Criminal justice","level":2,"score":0.7416844367980957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.6230337619781494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199521495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181487","display_name":"Audit","level":2,"score":0.5947914719581604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780656516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40357","display_name":"Prison","level":2,"score":0.49525347352027893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56273599","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3122841","display_name":"White (mutation)","level":3,"score":0.47609078884124756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4187094569206238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.41487592458724976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780665704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959298","display_name":"Intervention (counseling)","level":2,"score":0.4128463864326477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.4102824926376343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.34401440620422363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.25068575143814087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.14742517471313477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.10600647330284119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.08709955215454102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:3142045228","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.njjn.org/uploads/digital-library/resource_165.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.9629999995231628,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.9595999717712402,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.833299994468689,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W561573006","https://openalex.org/W586962088","https://openalex.org/W638186081","https://openalex.org/W1484817268","https://openalex.org/W1486513406","https://openalex.org/W1520494989","https://openalex.org/W1521746401","https://openalex.org/W1529350032","https://openalex.org/W1555130029","https://openalex.org/W1569298130","https://openalex.org/W1571338506","https://openalex.org/W1854260920","https://openalex.org/W1978125212","https://openalex.org/W1984892453","https://openalex.org/W1988535091","https://openalex.org/W2002694441","https://openalex.org/W2004877893","https://openalex.org/W2012214017","https://openalex.org/W2017013274","https://openalex.org/W2019789179","https://openalex.org/W2029596586","https://openalex.org/W2039052798","https://openalex.org/W2051065651","https://openalex.org/W2063525710","https://openalex.org/W2071570733","https://openalex.org/W2083279912","https://openalex.org/W2088253486","https://openalex.org/W2102872624","https://openalex.org/W2103614491","https://openalex.org/W2121999767","https://openalex.org/W2126146448","https://openalex.org/W2127838367","https://openalex.org/W2143538052","https://openalex.org/W2167047802","https://openalex.org/W2318746079","https://openalex.org/W2325614641","https://openalex.org/W2332321565","https://openalex.org/W2398820418","https://openalex.org/W2475596977","https://openalex.org/W2890299086","https://openalex.org/W2901448684","https://openalex.org/W3011975086","https://openalex.org/W3044348100","https://openalex.org/W3125359726","https://openalex.org/W3150227588"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7098591207","https://openalex.org/W7100236255","https://openalex.org/W4234986003","https://openalex.org/W2107577675","https://openalex.org/W2277572364","https://openalex.org/W4300775533","https://openalex.org/W7000743303","https://openalex.org/W1594302362","https://openalex.org/W1997926271","https://openalex.org/W7070591249"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"over":[1,8],"2":[2],"million":[3,11],"individuals":[4,71],"currently":[5],"incarcerated,":[6],"and":[7,18,55,98],"half":[9],"a":[10,83,108],"prisoners":[12],"released":[13],"each":[14],"year,":[15],"the":[16,26,34,45,50,79],"large":[17],"growing":[19],"number":[20],"of":[21,36,47,53,70,92,102],"men":[22],"being":[23],"processed":[24],"through":[25],"criminal":[27,84,105],"justice":[28],"system":[29],"raises":[30],"important":[31,114],"questions":[32],"about":[33],"consequences":[35,46],"this":[37,93],"massive":[38],"institutional":[39],"intervention.":[40],"This":[41],"article":[42],"focuses":[43],"on":[44],"incarceration":[48],"for":[49,73,116],"employment":[51,88],"outcomes":[52],"black":[54],"white":[56],"job":[57],"seekers.":[58],"The":[59,90],"present":[60],"study":[61,94],"adopts":[62],"an":[63,96],"experimental":[64],"audit":[65],"approach\u2014in":[66],"which":[67,82],"matched":[68],"pairs":[69],"applied":[72],"real":[74],"entry-level":[75],"jobs\u2014to":[76],"formally":[77],"test":[78],"degree":[80],"to":[81,111],"record":[85,106],"affects":[86],"subsequent":[87],"opportunities.":[89],"findings":[91],"reveal":[95],"important,":[97],"much":[99],"underrecognized,":[100],"mechanism":[101],"stratification.":[103],"A":[104],"presents":[107],"major":[109],"barrier":[110],"employment,":[112],"with":[113],"implications":[115],"racial":[117],"disparities.":[118]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-17T09:40:24.721904","created_date":"2021-04-13T00:00:00"}