{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3139500978","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3068477","title":"Contrast Enhancement of Fundus Images by Employing Modified PSO for Improving the Performance of Deep Learning Models","display_name":"Contrast Enhancement of Fundus Images by Employing Modified PSO for Improving the Performance of Deep Learning Models","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3139500978","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3068477","mag":"3139500978"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3068477","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3068477","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3068477","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09385068.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09385068.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014562556","display_name":"Khursheed Aurangzeb","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3647-8578","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3647-8578"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205490536","display_name":"Dongguk University","ror":"https://ror.org/057q6n778","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}],"countries":["KR","SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khursheed Aurangzeb","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3647-8578","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061765479","display_name":"Sheraz Aslam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4305-0908","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4305-0908"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I163151358","display_name":"Cyprus University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05qt8tf94","country_code":"CY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I163151358"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205490536","display_name":"Dongguk University","ror":"https://ror.org/057q6n778","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}],"countries":["CY","KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sheraz Aslam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Computer Engineering and Informatics, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus","Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4305-0908","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Computer Engineering and Informatics, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163151358"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052648906","display_name":"Musaed A. Alhussein","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5538-6778","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5538-6778"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205490536","display_name":"Dongguk University","ror":"https://ror.org/057q6n778","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}],"countries":["KR","SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Musaed Alhussein","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086213066","display_name":"Rizwan Ali Naqvi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7473-8441","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7473-8441"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205490536","display_name":"Dongguk University","ror":"https://ror.org/057q6n778","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28777354","display_name":"Sejong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00aft1q37","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rizwan Ali Naqvi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Unmanned Vehicle Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea","Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7473-8441","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Unmanned Vehicle Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28777354"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Muhammad Arsalan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6024-3117","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6024-3117"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205490536","display_name":"Dongguk University","ror":"https://ror.org/057q6n778","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}],"countries":["KR","SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Arsalan","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6024-3117","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038305043","display_name":"Syed Irtaza Haider","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5158-2413","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5158-2413"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205490536","display_name":"Dongguk University","ror":"https://ror.org/057q6n778","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28022161","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]}],"countries":["KR","SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Syed Irtaza Haider","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5158-2413","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer and Information Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28022161"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"apc_paid":{"value":1750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1750},"fwci":6.6404,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":86,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98088925,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":"47930","last_page":"47945"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11019","display_name":"Image Enhancement Techniques","score":0.0013000000035390258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10052","display_name":"Medical Image Segmentation Techniques","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retinal-vessel-segmentation","display_name":"retinal vessel segmentation","score":0.7960000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/improved-particle-swarm-optimization","display_name":"improved particle swarm optimization","score":0.7879999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retinal-disease-diagnosis","display_name":"retinal disease diagnosis","score":0.7480000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetic-retinopathy","display_name":"diabetic retinopathy","score":0.902999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hypertensive-retinopathy","display_name":"hypertensive retinopathy","score":0.972000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/macular-degeneration","display_name":"macular degeneration","score":0.8740000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retinitis-pigmentosa","display_name":"retinitis pigmentosa","score":0.972000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantic-segmentation","display_name":"semantic segmentation","score":0.6340000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drive","display_name":"drive","score":0.550000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stare","display_name":"STARE","score":1.0}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30387639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4680744","display_name":"Adaptive histogram equalization","level":5,"score":0.9306064248085022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7638192176818848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7204975485801697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.6763167977333069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776391266","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9612","display_name":"Fundus (uterus)","level":2,"score":0.6729234457015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776502983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690182","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","level":2,"score":0.6355986595153809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4988734722137451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.4705146849155426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4067584276199341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.3422839939594269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136943445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1970240","display_name":"Histogram equalization","level":4,"score":0.2789050340652466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118487528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161437","display_name":"Ophthalmology","level":1,"score":0.12433964014053345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.12101948261260986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0938614010810852}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3068477","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3068477","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3068477","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09385068.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ktisis.cut.ac.cy:20.500.14279/22864","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/scopus_id/85103275349","pdf_url":"https://ktisis.cut.ac.cy/bitstream/20.500.14279/22864/1/Contrast_Enhancement_of_Fundus_Images_by_Employing_Modified_PSO_for_Improving_the_Performance_of_Deep_Learning_Models.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400897","display_name":"Ktisis at Cyprus University of Technology (Cyprus University of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I163151358","host_organization_name":"Cyprus University of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I163151358"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f0f0e9a0bccc4ca3b4df64c1f3a777d0","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f0f0e9a0bccc4ca3b4df64c1f3a777d0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access, Vol 9, Pp 47930-47945 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ktisis.cut.ac.cy:10488/22864","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ktisis.cut.ac.cy/handle/10488/22864","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400897","display_name":"Ktisis at Cyprus University of Technology (Cyprus University of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I163151358","host_organization_name":"Cyprus University of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I163151358"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/access.2021.3068477","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3068477","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2021.3068477","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/9312710/09385068.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485537415","display_name":"IEEE Access","issn_l":"2169-3536","issn":["2169-3536"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Access","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.504800021648407,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321145","display_name":"King Saud University","ror":"https://ror.org/02f81g417"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3139500978.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3139500978.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":70,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W188623726","https://openalex.org/W840823461","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1979167658","https://openalex.org/W1981173869","https://openalex.org/W2010965043","https://openalex.org/W2027016690","https://openalex.org/W2033723371","https://openalex.org/W2034513030","https://openalex.org/W2037815679","https://openalex.org/W2038767155","https://openalex.org/W2044880603","https://openalex.org/W2051578148","https://openalex.org/W2082100725","https://openalex.org/W2084559491","https://openalex.org/W2105839704","https://openalex.org/W2109037308","https://openalex.org/W2126265864","https://openalex.org/W2132519114","https://openalex.org/W2134349833","https://openalex.org/W2145305441","https://openalex.org/W2148284840","https://openalex.org/W2150769593","https://openalex.org/W2162802768","https://openalex.org/W2171459511","https://openalex.org/W2175751043","https://openalex.org/W2206167351","https://openalex.org/W2277273574","https://openalex.org/W2294476764","https://openalex.org/W2295526923","https://openalex.org/W2320230300","https://openalex.org/W2436226714","https://openalex.org/W2488605601","https://openalex.org/W2506494295","https://openalex.org/W2511001480","https://openalex.org/W2533621842","https://openalex.org/W2549432962","https://openalex.org/W2556022279","https://openalex.org/W2560167908","https://openalex.org/W2587662788","https://openalex.org/W2611742580","https://openalex.org/W2791643320","https://openalex.org/W2802388893","https://openalex.org/W2886433032","https://openalex.org/W2899540788","https://openalex.org/W2900553120","https://openalex.org/W2906455801","https://openalex.org/W2912983208","https://openalex.org/W2940427983","https://openalex.org/W2945001722","https://openalex.org/W2946570412","https://openalex.org/W2946864864","https://openalex.org/W2953540383","https://openalex.org/W2964309882","https://openalex.org/W2964414914","https://openalex.org/W2971614929","https://openalex.org/W2972096900","https://openalex.org/W2980830272","https://openalex.org/W2984146701","https://openalex.org/W2986274801","https://openalex.org/W3005716209","https://openalex.org/W3010503111","https://openalex.org/W3037826251","https://openalex.org/W3043116777","https://openalex.org/W3081372466","https://openalex.org/W3084438349","https://openalex.org/W3085856564","https://openalex.org/W4211078230","https://openalex.org/W4240304626","https://openalex.org/W4245483033"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3140902925","https://openalex.org/W7169859226","https://openalex.org/W2911746057","https://openalex.org/W4378775272","https://openalex.org/W2996817788","https://openalex.org/W4310599163","https://openalex.org/W3180758890","https://openalex.org/W2841732318","https://openalex.org/W2800464885","https://openalex.org/W4411356059"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Computer-Aided":[0],"diagnosis":[1],"(CAD)":[2],"is":[3,97,115,186,281],"a":[4,142,214,305],"widely":[5],"used":[6,241],"technique":[7],"to":[8,52,68,81,119,187],"detect":[9,59],"and":[10,60,126,152,178,194,222,301,308,312,315,317,319],"diagnose":[11],"diseases":[12,21,96],"like":[13,22],"tumors,":[14],"cancers,":[15],"edemas,":[16],"etc.":[17],"Several":[18],"critical":[19,95],"retinal":[20,65,107,265,292],"diabetic":[23],"retinopathy":[24,27],"(DR),":[25],"hypertensive":[26],"(HR),":[28],"Macular":[29],"degeneration,":[30],"retinitis":[31],"pigmentosa":[32],"(RP)":[33],"are":[34,48],"mainly":[35],"analyzed":[36],"based":[37],"on":[38,100,217,255,273,289],"the":[39,54,74,127,171,175,189,219,228,231,242,286,290,295],"observation":[40],"of":[41,49,88,103,112,129,191,230,234,257,264,275,294,299,310],"fundus":[42,46,75,113],"images.":[43,104,266],"The":[44,86,267],"raw":[45],"images":[47,114,245,293],"inferior":[50],"quality":[51],"represent":[53],"minor":[55,62],"changes":[56,63],"directly.":[57],"To":[58],"analyze":[61],"in":[64,149],"vasculature":[66],"or":[67],"apply":[69,138],"advanced":[70],"disease":[71],"detection":[72],"algorithms,":[73],"image":[76,151],"should":[77],"be":[78],"enhanced":[79,244,291],"enough":[80],"visibly":[82],"present":[83],"vessel":[84,121,154],"touristy.":[85],"performance":[87,190,256],"deep":[89,258],"learning":[90,197,259,278],"models":[91,198],"for":[92,106,166,174,199,209,250,261],"diagnosing":[93],"these":[94],"highly":[98,116,282],"dependent":[99],"accurate":[101,110],"segmentation":[102,111,136,201,263],"Specifically,":[105],"vessels":[108],"segmentation,":[109],"challenging":[117],"due":[118],"low":[120],"contrast,":[122],"varying":[123],"widths,":[124],"branching,":[125],"crossing":[128],"vessels.":[130],"For":[131],"contrast":[132,167,243],"enhancement,":[133,168],"various":[134],"retinal-vessel":[135,200],"methods":[137],"image-contrast":[139],"enhancement":[140],"as":[141],"pre-processing":[143],"step,":[144],"which":[145,280],"can":[146],"introduce":[147],"noise":[148],"an":[150],"affect":[153],"detection.":[155],"Recently,":[156],"numerous":[157],"studies":[158],"applied":[159],"Contrast":[160],"Limited":[161],"Adaptive":[162],"Histogram":[163],"Equalization":[164],"(CLAHE)":[165],"but":[169],"with":[170,213],"default":[172],"values":[173],"contextual":[176,223],"region":[177],"clip":[179,220],"limit.":[180],"In":[181],"this":[182],"study,":[183],"our":[184],"aim":[185],"improve":[188],"both":[192],"supervised":[193,276],"unsupervised":[195],"machine":[196,277],"by":[202],"applying":[203,285],"modified":[204],"particle":[205],"swarm":[206],"optimization":[207],"(MPSO)":[208],"CLAHE":[210,235,249],"parameter":[211],"tuning,":[212],"specific":[215],"focus":[216],"optimizing":[218],"limit":[221],"regions.":[224],"We":[225,240],"subsequently":[226],"assessed":[227],"capabilities":[229],"optimized":[232],"version":[233],"using":[236,247],"standard":[237],"evaluation":[238],"metrics.":[239],"achieved":[246,268,304],"MPSO-based":[248],"demonstrating":[251],"its":[252],"real":[253],"impact":[254,272],"model":[260],"semantic":[262],"results":[269],"proved":[270],"positive":[271],"sensitivity":[274],"models,":[279],"important.":[283],"By":[284],"proposed":[287],"approach":[288],"publicly":[296],"available":[297],"databases":[298],"{DRIVE":[300],"STARE},":[302],"we":[303],"sensitivity,":[306],"specificity":[307],"accuracy":[309],"{0.8315":[311],"0.8433},":[313],"{0.9750":[314],"0.9760}":[316],"{0.9620":[318],"0.9645},":[320],"respectively.":[321]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2021-03-29T00:00:00"}
