{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3138964132","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/665/1/012021","title":"Imprints of security challenges on vernacular architecture of northern Nigeria: a study on Borno State","display_name":"Imprints of security challenges on vernacular architecture of northern Nigeria: a study on Borno State","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3138964132","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/665/1/012021","mag":"3138964132"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1088/1755-1315/665/1/012021","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/665/1/012021","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/665/1/012021","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/665/1/012021/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195883","display_name":"IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science","issn_l":"1755-1315","issn":["1755-1315","1755-1307"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["norway-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"conference"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/665/1/012021/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040735926","display_name":"Francis Ogochukwu Okeke","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1948-4485","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1948-4485"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11892038","display_name":"University of Nigeria","ror":"https://ror.org/01sn1yx84","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11892038"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francis O. Okeke","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Architecture, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Enugu State"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Architecture, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Enugu State","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11892038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062404019","display_name":"Ikebueze G. Chendo","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11892038","display_name":"University of Nigeria","ror":"https://ror.org/01sn1yx84","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11892038"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ikebueze G. Chendo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Architecture, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Enugu State"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Architecture, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Enugu State","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11892038"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003016322","display_name":"Eziyi O. Ibem","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7214-6338","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7214-6338"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11892038","display_name":"University of Nigeria","ror":"https://ror.org/01sn1yx84","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11892038"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eziyi O. Ibem","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Architecture, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Enugu State"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Architecture, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Enugu State","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11892038"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5062404019"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11892038"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":12.9993,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98213779,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"665","issue":"1","first_page":"012021","last_page":"012021"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13599","display_name":"Architecture and Cultural Influences","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1204","display_name":"Archeology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13599","display_name":"Architecture and Cultural Influences","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1204","display_name":"Archeology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13520","display_name":"Architectural and Urban Studies","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1206","display_name":"Conservation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12188","display_name":"Architecture, Modernity, and Design","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2216","display_name":"Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vernacular-architecture","display_name":"vernacular architecture","score":0.9049999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-challenges","display_name":"security challenges","score":0.9869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/borno-state","display_name":"Borno State","score":0.8709999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maiduguri","display_name":"Maiduguri","score":0.7260000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/insurgency","display_name":"insurgency","score":0.5989999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/terrorist-organizations","display_name":"terrorist organizations","score":0.5389999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-morphology","display_name":"spatial morphology","score":0.6539999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architectural-form","display_name":"architectural form","score":0.4970000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thatched-roofs","display_name":"thatched roofs","score":0.7590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modern-building-materials","display_name":"modern building materials","score":0.9599999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gated-communities","display_name":"gated communities","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architectural-heritage","display_name":"architectural heritage","score":0.5329999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-settlement","display_name":"human settlement","score":0.48899999260902405}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C553195128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q930314","display_name":"Vernacular architecture","level":3,"score":0.7960601449012756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780386941","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1036511","display_name":"Vernacular","level":2,"score":0.6753839254379272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16678853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486972","display_name":"Human settlement","level":2,"score":0.6599072217941284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.617302417755127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.5105444192886353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55958113","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169480","display_name":"Indigenous","level":2,"score":0.5091497302055359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778281468","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3299260","display_name":"Local government area","level":3,"score":0.47405239939689636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4486895203590393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.44114041328430176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107826830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929380","display_name":"Environmental resource management","level":1,"score":0.359366774559021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91375879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15473274","display_name":"Environmental planning","level":1,"score":0.34705328941345215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778719706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6501447","display_name":"Local government","level":2,"score":0.32234784960746765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.21806010603904724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.09980231523513794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.08293262124061584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1088/1755-1315/665/1/012021","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/665/1/012021","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/665/1/012021","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/665/1/012021/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195883","display_name":"IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science","issn_l":"1755-1315","issn":["1755-1315","1755-1307"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["norway-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"conference"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1088/1755-1315/665/1/012021","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/665/1/012021","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/665/1/012021","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/665/1/012021/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195883","display_name":"IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science","issn_l":"1755-1315","issn":["1755-1315","1755-1307"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["norway-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"conference"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.8787999749183655},{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.8046000003814697}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3138964132.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3138964132.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":4,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2801799052","https://openalex.org/W2971084923","https://openalex.org/W2986173791","https://openalex.org/W3032987807"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4379398200","https://openalex.org/W7124758599","https://openalex.org/W4416284837","https://openalex.org/W4312285035","https://openalex.org/W4285124860","https://openalex.org/W7168402126","https://openalex.org/W7134911203","https://openalex.org/W2963482102","https://openalex.org/W7040937677","https://openalex.org/W3208102013"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Security":[1],"challenges":[2,32,46,59,138],"are":[3],"known":[4],"to":[5,37,132,155,192],"have":[6,49,60],"diverse":[7],"negative":[8],"impacts":[9,43],"on":[10,47,188],"all":[11],"facets":[12],"of":[13,30,44,68,83,115,120,136,161,169,195,207],"human":[14,234],"endeavours":[15],"across":[16],"the":[17,42,62,106,113,134,140,159,174,193,198,208],"world.":[18],"However,":[19],"in":[20,71,105,127,148,173,183,205,219,231,236],"a":[21,86,124,181],"country":[22],"like":[23],"Nigeria":[24,73,129],"that":[25,146,204],"is":[26],"faced":[27],"with":[28,101,112,152],"myriads":[29,135],"security":[31,45,58,137,210],"ranging":[33],"from":[34,197],"armed":[35],"bandits":[36],"insurgences":[38],"by":[39],"terrorist":[40],"groups,":[41],"architecture":[48,70,131],"not":[50,214],"been":[51],"adequately":[52],"explored.":[53],"This":[54],"research":[55],"examined":[56],"how":[57],"influenced":[61],"architectural":[63,226],"forms":[64],"and":[65,81,98,158,186,224],"spatial":[66],"morphology":[67],"vernacular":[69,130,220],"Northern":[72,128],"using":[74],"three":[75],"Local":[76],"Government":[77],"Areas:":[78],"Maiduguri,":[79],"Nganzai":[80],"Monguno":[82],"Borno":[84],"State":[85],"case":[87],"study.":[88],"The":[89,118,177,201],"primary":[90],"data":[91],"were":[92,110],"gathered":[93],"through":[94],"observations,":[95],"photographic":[96],"materials":[97,164],"oral":[99],"interviews":[100],"randomly":[102],"selected":[103],"residents":[104],"study":[107,175,178,199,202],"area.":[108,176,200],"These":[109],"complemented":[111],"review":[114],"published":[116],"literature.":[117],"results":[119],"content":[121],"analysis":[122],"reveal":[123],"gradual":[125],"change":[126],"accommodate":[133],"confronting":[139],"region.":[141],"Specifically,":[142],"it":[143],"was":[144],"observed":[145],"changes":[147],"traditional":[149,184],"circular":[150],"houses":[151,157],"thatch":[153],"roofs":[154],"rectangular":[156],"use":[160],"modern":[162,225],"building":[163,190],"as":[165,167],"well":[166],"emergence":[168],"gated":[170],"communities":[171],"abound":[172],"also":[179],"found":[180],"decline":[182],"decorations":[185],"paintings":[187],"domestic":[189],"due":[191],"relocation":[194],"practitioners":[196],"concludes":[203],"spite":[206],"daunting":[209],"challenges,":[211],"Nigerians":[212],"should":[213,228],"abandon":[215],"their":[216],"rich":[217],"heritage":[218],"architecture,":[221],"rather,":[222],"indigenous":[223],"principles":[227],"be":[229],"integrated":[230],"evolving":[232],"secured":[233],"settlements":[235],"this":[237],"country.":[238]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-09-22T06:50:58.402377","created_date":"2021-03-29T00:00:00"}