{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3138027474","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.641934","title":"Does Social Media Use Increase Depressive Symptoms? A Reverse Causation Perspective","display_name":"Does Social Media Use Increase Depressive Symptoms? A Reverse Causation Perspective","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-03-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3138027474","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.641934","mag":"3138027474","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33833700","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8021694"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.641934","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.641934","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.641934","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.641934/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S92766711","display_name":"Frontiers in Psychiatry","issn_l":"1664-0640","issn":["1664-0640"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Psychiatry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.641934/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051385121","display_name":"Andree Hartanto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8758-6400","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8758-6400","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5150-6664","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2531-6250"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79891267","display_name":"Singapore Management University","ror":"https://ror.org/050qmg959","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Andree Hartanto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Singapore Management University, Singapore, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Singapore Management University, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013906283","display_name":"Frosch Y. X. Quek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8491-7710","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8491-7710"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79891267","display_name":"Singapore Management University","ror":"https://ror.org/050qmg959","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Frosch Y. X. Quek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Singapore Management University, Singapore, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Singapore Management University, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009293647","display_name":"Germaine Y. Q. Tng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4048-9707","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4048-9707"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79891267","display_name":"Singapore Management University","ror":"https://ror.org/050qmg959","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Germaine Y. Q. Tng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Singapore Management University, Singapore, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Singapore Management University, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029940256","display_name":"Jose C. Yong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6413-2016","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6413-2016"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jose C. Yong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5051385121"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"],"apc_list":{"value":2950,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2950},"apc_paid":{"value":2950,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2950},"fwci":19.2499,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":113,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99448757,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"641934","last_page":"641934"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10355","display_name":"Impact of Technology on Adolescents","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10355","display_name":"Impact of Technology on Adolescents","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12488","display_name":"Mental Health via Writing","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10182","display_name":"Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-media-use","display_name":"social media use","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/depressive-symptoms","display_name":"depressive symptoms","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/depression","display_name":"depression","score":0.6209999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adolescents","display_name":"adolescents","score":0.925000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reverse-causality","display_name":"reverse causality","score":0.8939999938011169}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166151441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4923601","display_name":"Causation","level":2,"score":0.7645978927612305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.6288653612136841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134362201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q317309","display_name":"Mental health","level":2,"score":0.6254074573516846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.5937735438346863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134698397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17946","display_name":"Public opinion","level":3,"score":0.5788174271583557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.5035516619682312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4587765634059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020105747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11118951","display_name":"Media coverage","level":2,"score":0.45470529794692993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.4313432574272156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777551076","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q842332","display_name":"Front (military)","level":2,"score":0.4309741258621216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.35691148042678833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.34110116958618164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.28531867265701294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29595303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165650","display_name":"Media studies","level":1,"score":0.2768558859825134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.23842495679855347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.13538146018981934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.12758666276931763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.10200691223144531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.08106091618537903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":7,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.641934","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.641934","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.641934","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.641934/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S92766711","display_name":"Frontiers in Psychiatry","issn_l":"1664-0640","issn":["1664-0640"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Psychiatry","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8021694","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8021694","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Front Psychiatry","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:33833700","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33833700","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in psychiatry","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:nrl.northumbria.ac.uk:48360","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/id/eprint/48360/1/fpsyt-12-641934.pdf","pdf_url":"http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/id/eprint/48360/1/fpsyt-12-641934.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401884","display_name":"Northumbria Research Link (Northumbria University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I32394136","host_organization_name":"Northumbria University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ink.library.smu.edu.sg:soss_research-4701","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/soss_research/3444","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401925","display_name":"Singapore Management University Institutional Knowledge (InK) (Singapore Management University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79891267","host_organization_name":"Singapore Management University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.641934","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:302a12fb7e9d43cb8721c9e7eabca501","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/302a12fb7e9d43cb8721c9e7eabca501","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Psychiatry, Vol 12 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dr.ntu.edu.sg:10356/152037","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10356/152037","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402609","display_name":"DR-NTU (Nanyang Technological University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","host_organization_name":"Nanyang Technological University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.641934","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.641934","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.641934","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.641934/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S92766711","display_name":"Frontiers in Psychiatry","issn_l":"1664-0640","issn":["1664-0640"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Psychiatry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":1.0,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7771000027","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20-C242-SMU-001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328656","funder_display_name":"Singapore Management University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328656","display_name":"Singapore Management University","ror":"https://ror.org/050qmg959"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3138027474.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3138027474.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1731053727","https://openalex.org/W1928177371","https://openalex.org/W1939684408","https://openalex.org/W1964309626","https://openalex.org/W1968586506","https://openalex.org/W1988710891","https://openalex.org/W1999301235","https://openalex.org/W2079961006","https://openalex.org/W2100201014","https://openalex.org/W2109898199","https://openalex.org/W2166930562","https://openalex.org/W2170319894","https://openalex.org/W2300872908","https://openalex.org/W2309005775","https://openalex.org/W2314000390","https://openalex.org/W2553776800","https://openalex.org/W2593976960","https://openalex.org/W2605927993","https://openalex.org/W2770314219","https://openalex.org/W2898050449","https://openalex.org/W2899009604","https://openalex.org/W2899535553","https://openalex.org/W2899779308","https://openalex.org/W2911168426","https://openalex.org/W2912991937","https://openalex.org/W2914027514","https://openalex.org/W2921393753","https://openalex.org/W2924664363","https://openalex.org/W2934563845","https://openalex.org/W2942805235","https://openalex.org/W2952745509","https://openalex.org/W2955504934","https://openalex.org/W2958358679","https://openalex.org/W2964434626","https://openalex.org/W2968185913","https://openalex.org/W2969848594","https://openalex.org/W2976836242","https://openalex.org/W2979578410","https://openalex.org/W2979663154","https://openalex.org/W2986891606","https://openalex.org/W3004674378","https://openalex.org/W3013346146","https://openalex.org/W3026494741","https://openalex.org/W3037122923","https://openalex.org/W3038001842","https://openalex.org/W3039421121","https://openalex.org/W3049599056","https://openalex.org/W3112674396","https://openalex.org/W4252298408","https://openalex.org/W6739014846"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4399168451","https://openalex.org/W4399688382","https://openalex.org/W2692819868","https://openalex.org/W2888155533","https://openalex.org/W4289821139","https://openalex.org/W4411094027","https://openalex.org/W2992002265","https://openalex.org/W2525371257","https://openalex.org/W2786742231","https://openalex.org/W4412922137"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"According":[0],"to":[1,57,63,69],"the":[2,49],"World":[3],"Health":[4],"Organization":[5],"(1),":[6],"264":[7],"million":[8],"individuals":[9],"worldwide":[10],"suffer":[11],"from":[12,55],"depression\u2014a":[13],"condition":[14],"characterized":[15],"by":[16],"feelings":[17],"of":[18,38,51,82],"low":[19],"self-worth,":[20],"impaired":[21],"concentration,":[22],"and":[23,35,79,85],"disturbed":[24],"sleep,":[25],"among":[26,53],"various":[27],"other":[28],"maladaptive":[29],"symptoms":[30],"(2).":[31],"Adolescents":[32],"between":[33],"13":[34],"18":[36],"years":[37],"age":[39],"are":[40],"also":[41],"vulnerable":[42],"(3),":[43],"with":[44],"a":[45],"52%":[46],"increase":[47],"in":[48],"prevalence":[50],"depression":[52],"adolescents":[54],"2005":[56],"2017":[58],"(4).":[59],"Depression":[60],"is":[61],"tied":[62],"many":[64],"serious":[65],"problems":[66],"including":[67],"failure":[68],"complete":[70],"education,":[71],"higher":[72],"unplanned":[73],"parenthood":[74],"rates,":[75],"poorer":[76],"interpersonal":[77],"relations,":[78],"heightened":[80],"risk":[81],"substance":[83],"abuse":[84],"suicidality":[86],"(5\u20137).":[87]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2021-03-29T00:00:00"}
