{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3137930360","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2378023121999581","title":"Toward a Sociology of Artificial Intelligence: A Call for Research on Inequalities and Structural Change","display_name":"Toward a Sociology of Artificial Intelligence: A Call for Research on Inequalities and Structural Change","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3137930360","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2378023121999581","mag":"3137930360"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/2378023121999581","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2378023121999581","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2378023121999581","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210198833","display_name":"Socius Sociological Research for a Dynamic World","issn_l":"2378-0231","issn":["2378-0231"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2378023121999581","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058293341","display_name":"Kelly Ann Joyce","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2822-1548","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2822-1548"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72816309","display_name":"Drexel University","ror":"https://ror.org/04bdffz58","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72816309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kelly Joyce","raw_affiliation_strings":["Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2822-1548","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72816309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085072569","display_name":"Laurel Smith\u2010Doerr","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5162-0491","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5162-0491"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24603500","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","ror":"https://ror.org/0072zz521","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Laurel Smith-Doerr","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5162-0491","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077320001","display_name":"Sharla N. Alegria","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4388-9797","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4388-9797"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sharla Alegria","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4388-9797","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088173364","display_name":"Susan E. Bell","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2537-1890","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2537-1890"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72816309","display_name":"Drexel University","ror":"https://ror.org/04bdffz58","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72816309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Susan Bell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2537-1890","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72816309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034830640","display_name":"Taylor Marion Cruz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1943-7718","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1943-7718"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142934699","display_name":"California State University, Fullerton","ror":"https://ror.org/02avqqw26","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142934699"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Taylor Cruz","raw_affiliation_strings":["California State University, Fullerton, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"California State University, Fullerton, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142934699"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025429291","display_name":"Steve Hoffman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2379-8081","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2379-8081"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Steve G. Hoffman","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2379-8081","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001565446","display_name":"Safiya Noble","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7273-2241","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7273-2241"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Safiya Umoja Noble","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062292527","display_name":"Benjamin Shestakofsky","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0797-2729","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0797-2729"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Benjamin Shestakofsky","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0797-2729","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5058293341"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72816309"],"apc_list":{"value":700,"currency":"USD","value_usd":700},"apc_paid":{"value":700,"currency":"USD","value_usd":700},"fwci":41.2266,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":251,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9984871,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14389","display_name":"Innovation, Technology, and Society","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11024","display_name":"Information Systems Theories and Implementation","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology-of-artificial-intelligence","display_name":"sociology of artificial intelligence","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithmic-inequality","display_name":"algorithmic inequality","score":0.8460000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intersectional-inequality","display_name":"intersectional inequality","score":0.6340000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-structure","display_name":"social structure","score":0.515999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/research-agenda","display_name":"research agenda","score":0.5019999742507935}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.7096823453903198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45555294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28113351","display_name":"Inequality","level":2,"score":0.6711944937705994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165148211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5431887","display_name":"Social inequality","level":3,"score":0.606966495513916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106306483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183984","display_name":"Futures contract","level":2,"score":0.6020405888557434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111969901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1377163","display_name":"Sociological theory","level":2,"score":0.5509679317474365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.46443068981170654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.3850659132003784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.07581055164337158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.07411769032478333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106159729","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2294553","display_name":"Financial economics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/2378023121999581","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2378023121999581","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2378023121999581","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210198833","display_name":"Socius Sociological Research for a Dynamic World","issn_l":"2378-0231","issn":["2378-0231"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4bb9a97c2d054445bed8b752d9cec857","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4bb9a97c2d054445bed8b752d9cec857","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Socius, Vol 7 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/2378023121999581","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2378023121999581","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2378023121999581","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210198833","display_name":"Socius Sociological Research for a Dynamic World","issn_l":"2378-0231","issn":["2378-0231"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.8974000215530396}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2763997965","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"201584","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":95,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W218853148","https://openalex.org/W390278727","https://openalex.org/W1483209340","https://openalex.org/W1500693574","https://openalex.org/W1571136830","https://openalex.org/W1605850762","https://openalex.org/W1744490497","https://openalex.org/W1779680771","https://openalex.org/W1783594902","https://openalex.org/W1863383539","https://openalex.org/W1892629070","https://openalex.org/W1981810553","https://openalex.org/W2005061283","https://openalex.org/W2010992114","https://openalex.org/W2086198908","https://openalex.org/W2098710918","https://openalex.org/W2100719266","https://openalex.org/W2100825321","https://openalex.org/W2112031167","https://openalex.org/W2113185221","https://openalex.org/W2120554682","https://openalex.org/W2123665960","https://openalex.org/W2131401975","https://openalex.org/W2157508661","https://openalex.org/W2157815126","https://openalex.org/W2160794623","https://openalex.org/W2269870390","https://openalex.org/W2337002970","https://openalex.org/W2337563770","https://openalex.org/W2413905792","https://openalex.org/W2478730750","https://openalex.org/W2507975203","https://openalex.org/W2530943629","https://openalex.org/W2557671501","https://openalex.org/W2603116500","https://openalex.org/W2605216013","https://openalex.org/W2605867473","https://openalex.org/W2617293633","https://openalex.org/W2621257984","https://openalex.org/W2707170996","https://openalex.org/W2737089608","https://openalex.org/W2750920029","https://openalex.org/W2751772126","https://openalex.org/W2764072425","https://openalex.org/W2788481061","https://openalex.org/W2792732196","https://openalex.org/W2793566897","https://openalex.org/W2795388554","https://openalex.org/W2795674671","https://openalex.org/W2799929805","https://openalex.org/W2803753421","https://openalex.org/W2890022782","https://openalex.org/W2897702578","https://openalex.org/W2898970033","https://openalex.org/W2900677429","https://openalex.org/W2903975937","https://openalex.org/W2909546283","https://openalex.org/W2914056357","https://openalex.org/W2921006704","https://openalex.org/W2943939658","https://openalex.org/W2944420931","https://openalex.org/W2949304545","https://openalex.org/W2957654274","https://openalex.org/W2963849010","https://openalex.org/W2966555834","https://openalex.org/W2969462700","https://openalex.org/W2980340528","https://openalex.org/W2981869278","https://openalex.org/W2982628989","https://openalex.org/W2999029513","https://openalex.org/W3003646990","https://openalex.org/W3006209269","https://openalex.org/W3016894804","https://openalex.org/W3019960341","https://openalex.org/W3023994818","https://openalex.org/W3034373907","https://openalex.org/W3081158114","https://openalex.org/W3092302198","https://openalex.org/W3093965377","https://openalex.org/W3095853206","https://openalex.org/W3122548859","https://openalex.org/W3157172840","https://openalex.org/W4230126760","https://openalex.org/W4230583973","https://openalex.org/W4243428038","https://openalex.org/W4244021162","https://openalex.org/W4245748981","https://openalex.org/W4246388075","https://openalex.org/W4248301280","https://openalex.org/W4250573955","https://openalex.org/W4251733616","https://openalex.org/W4252948732","https://openalex.org/W4255720972","https://openalex.org/W4298286109","https://openalex.org/W4365388135"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4210406706","https://openalex.org/W4402185614","https://openalex.org/W4415985207","https://openalex.org/W4401192854","https://openalex.org/W7213551033","https://openalex.org/W7216329550","https://openalex.org/W4413461236","https://openalex.org/W7028399744","https://openalex.org/W7160263030","https://openalex.org/W7133246663"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,87],"article":[1,89],"outlines":[2],"a":[3,7,77,141],"research":[4],"agenda":[5],"for":[6,133],"sociology":[8],"of":[9,31,38,48,72,80,126,149],"artificial":[10],"intelligence":[11],"(AI).":[12],"The":[13,52],"authors":[14,53],"review":[15],"two":[16],"areas":[17],"in":[18,50,123,144],"which":[19,74],"sociological":[20,55],"theories":[21],"and":[22,33,41,43,61,83,97,103,128,147],"methods":[23],"have":[24,76,114],"made":[25,107],"significant":[26],"contributions":[27],"to":[28,68,92,100,117,129],"the":[29,36,45,69,81,94,145],"study":[30],"inequalities":[32,60,105,120],"AI:":[34],"(1)":[35],"politics":[37],"algorithms,":[39],"data,":[40],"code":[42],"(2)":[44],"social":[46,62,70,82,135],"shaping":[47,148],"AI":[49,111,150],"practice.":[51],"contrast":[54],"approaches":[56,67],"that":[57],"emphasize":[58,84],"intersectional":[59],"structure":[63],"with":[64],"other":[65],"disciplines\u2019":[66],"dimensions":[71],"AI,":[73],"often":[75],"thin":[78],"understanding":[79],"individual-level":[85],"interventions.":[86],"scoping":[88],"invites":[90],"sociologists":[91,138],"use":[93],"discipline\u2019s":[95],"theoretical":[96],"methodological":[98],"tools":[99],"analyze":[101],"when":[102],"how":[104,119],"are":[106,121],"more":[108],"durable":[109],"by":[110],"systems.":[112],"Sociologists":[113],"an":[115],"ability":[116],"identify":[118],"embedded":[122],"all":[124],"aspects":[125],"society":[127],"point":[130],"toward":[131],"avenues":[132],"structural":[134],"change.":[136],"Therefore,":[137],"should":[139],"play":[140],"leading":[142],"role":[143],"imagining":[146],"futures.":[151]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":48},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":61},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":85},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":38},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2021-03-29T00:00:00"}