{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3137569852","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10389-021-01491-4","title":"Case fatality rates of COVID-19 across the globe: are the current draconian measures justified?","display_name":"Case fatality rates of COVID-19 across the globe: are the current draconian measures justified?","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-03-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3137569852","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10389-021-01491-4","mag":"3137569852","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33777655","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7988255"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10389-021-01491-4","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10389-021-01491-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10389-021-01491-4","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10389-021-01491-4.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S27214173","display_name":"Journal of Public Health","issn_l":"0943-1853","issn":["0943-1853","1613-2238","1741-3842","1741-3850","2198-1833"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-40","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Public Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10389-021-01491-4.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011241848","display_name":"Jayadevan Sreedharan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5350-2408","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5350-2408"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I163074564","display_name":"Gulf Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/02kaerj47","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I163074564"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jayadevan Sreedharan","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Medicine, Gulf Medical University, P O Box 4184, Ajman, UAE"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Medicine, Gulf Medical University, P O Box 4184, Ajman, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163074564"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076307874","display_name":"Satish Chandrasekhar Nair","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2095-1893","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2095-1893"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201726411","display_name":"United Arab Emirates University","ror":"https://ror.org/01km6p862","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201726411"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799853436","display_name":"Johns Hopkins Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/037zgn354","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799853436"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087867","display_name":"Tawam Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/007a5h107","country_code":"AE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087867"]}],"countries":["AE","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Satish Chandrasekhar Nair","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tawam Hospital Johns Hopkins Medicine Affiliate and College of Medicine, UAE University, Al Ain, UAE"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tawam Hospital Johns Hopkins Medicine Affiliate and College of Medicine, UAE University, Al Ain, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948","https://openalex.org/I201726411","https://openalex.org/I2799853436","https://openalex.org/I4210087867"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055446207","display_name":"Jayakumary Muttappallymyalil","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3679-8811","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3679-8811"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I163074564","display_name":"Gulf Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/02kaerj47","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I163074564"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jayakumary Muttappallymyalil","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Medicine, Gulf Medical University, P O Box 4184, Ajman, UAE"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Medicine, Gulf Medical University, P O Box 4184, Ajman, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163074564"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066701985","display_name":"Aji Gopakumar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7485-8662","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7485-8662"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I163074564","display_name":"Gulf Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/02kaerj47","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I163074564"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aji Gopakumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institutional Research Unit, Gulf Medical University, P O Box 4184, Ajman, UAE"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institutional Research Unit, Gulf Medical University, P O Box 4184, Ajman, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163074564"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030650110","display_name":"Neena Thomas-Eapen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143302722","display_name":"University of Kentucky","ror":"https://ror.org/02k3smh20","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143302722"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Neena Thomas Eapen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143302722"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007112696","display_name":"Karthyayani Priya Satish","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9253-9094","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9253-9094"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387153400","display_name":"Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore","ror":"https://ror.org/048vk1h54","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I164861460","https://openalex.org/I4387153400"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karthyayani Priya Satish","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387153400"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044893232","display_name":"Manda Venkatramana","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4724-3395","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4724-3395"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I163074564","display_name":"Gulf Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/02kaerj47","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I163074564"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Venkatramana Manda","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Medicine, Gulf Medical University, P O Box 4184, Ajman, UAE"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Medicine, Gulf Medical University, P O Box 4184, Ajman, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163074564"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5011241848"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163074564"],"apc_list":{"value":2076,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":3424},"apc_paid":{"value":2076,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":3424},"fwci":1.5232,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82164226,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"30","issue":"11","first_page":"2575","last_page":"2583"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10410","display_name":"COVID-19 epidemiological studies","score":0.9854000210762024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2611","display_name":"Modeling and Simulation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10410","display_name":"COVID-19 epidemiological studies","score":0.9854000210762024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2611","display_name":"Modeling and Simulation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10041","display_name":"COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies","score":0.007300000172108412,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10118","display_name":"SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research","score":0.0052999998442828655,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covid-19","display_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/case-fatality-rate","display_name":"case fatality rate","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lockdown-measures","display_name":"lockdown measures","score":0.718999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/containment-strategy","display_name":"containment measures","score":0.628000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sars-cov","display_name":"SARS-CoV","score":0.699999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mers-cov","display_name":"MERS-CoV","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-mortality","display_name":"global mortality","score":0.3199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-impact-of-lockdown","display_name":"economic impact of lockdown","score":0.8489999771118164}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187316915","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q92307203","display_name":"Case fatality rate","level":3,"score":0.6188859343528748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.529060959815979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.47554513812065125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89623803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12184","display_name":"Pandemic","level":5,"score":0.4564509391784668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116675565","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3241045","display_name":"Outbreak","level":2,"score":0.4382416009902954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83864248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177323","display_name":"Developing country","level":2,"score":0.41519221663475037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993767641","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4994367","display_name":"High income countries","level":3,"score":0.4123653769493103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3571892976760864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.2705513536930084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.17174464464187622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.16864147782325745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.14785438776016235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159047783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215","display_name":"Virology","level":1,"score":0.07355198264122009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10389-021-01491-4","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10389-021-01491-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10389-021-01491-4","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10389-021-01491-4.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S27214173","display_name":"Journal of Public Health","issn_l":"0943-1853","issn":["0943-1853","1613-2238","1741-3842","1741-3850","2198-1833"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-40","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Public Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7988255","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7988255","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Z Gesundh Wiss","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:33777655","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33777655","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Zeitschrift fur Gesundheitswissenschaften = Journal of public health","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10389-021-01491-4","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10389-021-01491-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10389-021-01491-4","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10389-021-01491-4.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S27214173","display_name":"Journal of Public Health","issn_l":"0943-1853","issn":["0943-1853","1613-2238","1741-3842","1741-3850","2198-1833"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-40","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Public Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.9537000060081482,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310721","display_name":"Gulf Medical University","ror":"https://ror.org/02kaerj47"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319058","display_name":"Kasturba Medical College, Manipal","ror":"https://ror.org/05hg48t65"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3137569852.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3137569852.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2049228055","https://openalex.org/W2137378887","https://openalex.org/W2141877163","https://openalex.org/W2157663711","https://openalex.org/W2977502656","https://openalex.org/W3001465255","https://openalex.org/W3003464757","https://openalex.org/W3003668884","https://openalex.org/W3004280078","https://openalex.org/W3008028633","https://openalex.org/W3010956505","https://openalex.org/W3011176674","https://openalex.org/W3012809581","https://openalex.org/W3013080757","https://openalex.org/W7074007283"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4210367966","https://openalex.org/W6982080043","https://openalex.org/W4402326798","https://openalex.org/W4206216209","https://openalex.org/W3137001135","https://openalex.org/W4292520364","https://openalex.org/W3129197253","https://openalex.org/W3022929214","https://openalex.org/W4416193847","https://openalex.org/W3024241341"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Aim:":[0],"The":[1,85,109,128,143,164,217],"current":[2],"study":[3,147],"assessed":[4],"the":[5,16,19,25,45,65,75,81,93,104,113,137,150,167,223,226,232,235,241],"case":[6],"fatality":[7],"rate":[8],"(CFR)":[9],"across":[10],"different":[11],"income":[12,77,115],"level":[13,78],"countries":[14,116,130,139,155,172,205],"of":[15,22,27,56,123,134,184,194,215,225],"world,":[17],"and":[18,29,48,54,72,90,101,103,170,177,196,208,210,237],"virulence":[20],"pattern":[21],"COVID-19,":[23,182],"against":[24],"backdrop":[26],"panic":[28],"uncertainty":[30],"faced":[31],"by":[32],"many":[33],"governments,":[34],"who":[35],"are":[36],"trying":[37],"to":[38,43,59,221],"impose":[39],"draconian":[40],"containment":[41],"measures":[42,220],"control":[44],"outbreak.":[46],"Subjects":[47],"Methods:":[49],"Data":[50],"on":[51,68,240],"confirmed":[52],"cases":[53],"number":[55,214],"deaths":[57],"due":[58],"coronavirus":[60],"infection":[61],"were":[62],"retrieved":[63],"from":[64,145],"WHO":[66],"as":[67,97],"30":[69],"March":[70],"2020,":[71],"examined":[73],"for":[74,92,112,125,166,234],"various":[76,94],"countries,":[79],"per":[80],"World":[82],"Bank":[83],"criteria.":[84],"CFR":[86,111,122,133,152,165,190],"was":[87,106,117],"calculated":[88],"country-wise":[89],"estimated":[91],"groups":[95],"such":[96],"low,":[98,168],"lower-middle,":[99,169],"upper-middle,":[100],"high-income,":[102],"data":[105],"analyzed.":[107],"Results:":[108],"overall":[110],"high":[114],"5.0%,":[118],"compared":[119,191],"with":[120,192],"a":[121,132,188,212],"2.8%":[124],"low-income":[126],"countries.":[127],"upper-middle-income":[129,171],"showed":[131],"4.3%,":[135],"while":[136],"lower-middle-income":[138],"stood":[140],"at":[141,159],"3.7%.":[142],"results":[144],"our":[146],"predict":[148],"that":[149,193],"maximum":[151],"in":[153],"high-income":[154],"will":[156,173],"be":[157,229],"contained":[158],"approximately":[160],"5%":[161],"(95%":[162,179],"CI).":[163,180],"range":[174],"between":[175],"2.8":[176],"4.3%":[178],"Conclusion:":[181],"irrespective":[183],"its":[185],"transmissibility,":[186],"produces":[187],"lower":[189],"SARS-Cov":[195],"MERS-Cov,":[197],"although":[198],"COVID-19":[199],"has":[200],"infected":[201],"eight":[202],"times":[203],"more":[204],"than":[206],"MERS-Cov":[207],"SARS-Cov,":[209],"caused":[211],"higher":[213],"deaths.":[216],"nation-wide":[218],"lockdown":[219],"prevent":[222],"spread":[224],"virus":[227],"may":[228],"reconsidered,":[230],"given":[231],"hardships":[233],"population":[236],"their":[238],"impact":[239],"economic":[242],"system.":[243]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2021-03-29T00:00:00"}
