{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3137150806","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jee.20386","title":"Engineering students' noncognitive and affective factors: Group differences from cluster analysis","display_name":"Engineering students' noncognitive and affective factors: Group differences from cluster analysis","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-03-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3137150806","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jee.20386","mag":"3137150806"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/jee.20386","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jee.20386","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jee.20386","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S73400788","display_name":"Journal of Engineering Education","issn_l":"1069-4730","issn":["1069-4730","1524-4873","2168-9830"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Engineering Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076195505","display_name":"Matthew Scheidt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6779-1992","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6779-1992"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthew Scheidt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering Education, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6779-1992","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering Education, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001644669","display_name":"Allison Godwin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0741-3356","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0741-3356"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Allison Godwin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering Education, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0741-3356","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering Education, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078747990","display_name":"Edward Berger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0337-7607","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0337-7607"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Edward Berger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering Education, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0337-7607","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering Education, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101650717","display_name":"John Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9443-4795","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9443-4795"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149919469","display_name":"California Polytechnic State University","ror":"https://ror.org/001gpfp45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149919469"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149919469"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088517195","display_name":"Brian Self","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4560-1690","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4560-1690"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149919469","display_name":"California Polytechnic State University","ror":"https://ror.org/001gpfp45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149919469"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brian P. Self","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149919469"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037224501","display_name":"James M. Widmann","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149919469","display_name":"California Polytechnic State University","ror":"https://ror.org/001gpfp45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149919469"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James M. Widmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149919469"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032779885","display_name":"Ann Quiroz Gates","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6974-7899","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6974-7899"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I164936912","display_name":"The University of Texas at El Paso","ror":"https://ror.org/04d5vba33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I164936912"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ann Q. Gates","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I164936912"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5001644669"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"],"apc_list":{"value":3000,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3000},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.3526,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":37,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97243892,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"110","issue":"2","first_page":"343","last_page":"370"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10267","display_name":"Higher Education Research Studies","score":0.6592000126838684,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10267","display_name":"Higher Education Research Studies","score":0.6592000126838684,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12124","display_name":"Engineering Education and Curriculum Development","score":0.15119999647140503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10726","display_name":"Career Development and Diversity","score":0.039900001138448715,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3202","display_name":"Applied Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/undergraduate-engineering-students","display_name":"undergraduate engineering students","score":0.9200000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/student-profile","display_name":"student profile","score":0.6880000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/student-success","display_name":"student success","score":0.5509999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering-identity","display_name":"engineering identity","score":0.7459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sense-of-belonging","display_name":"sense of belonging","score":0.5070000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motivation","display_name":"motivation","score":0.7549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/growth-mindset","display_name":"growth mindset","score":0.8029999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/personality","display_name":"personality","score":0.7170000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/academic-achievement","display_name":"academic performance","score":0.7170000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/student-support-services","display_name":"student support services","score":0.7440000176429749}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778491294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1339824","display_name":"Mindset","level":2,"score":0.7848303318023682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5816630125045776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5399804711341858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781316041","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1230584","display_name":"Diversity (politics)","level":2,"score":0.5349684357643127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164866538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367351","display_name":"Cluster (spacecraft)","level":2,"score":0.49668294191360474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.46582552790641785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5041995","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853745","display_name":"Engineering education","level":2,"score":0.43607670068740845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4171536862850189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.3576096296310425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.32336968183517456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2734028995037079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.22331783175468445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.1221919059753418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.09164366126060486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/jee.20386","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jee.20386","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jee.20386","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S73400788","display_name":"Journal of Engineering Education","issn_l":"1069-4730","issn":["1069-4730","1524-4873","2168-9830"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Engineering Education","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8278999924659729,"display_name":"Quality education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G231536209","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1626148","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337408","funder_display_name":"Division of Undergraduate Education"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3876891720","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1626287","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337408","funder_display_name":"Division of Undergraduate Education"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3976465613","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1626185","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337408","funder_display_name":"Division of Undergraduate Education"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337408","display_name":"Division of Undergraduate Education","ror":"https://ror.org/02kd4km72"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":179,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W11184108","https://openalex.org/W58733853","https://openalex.org/W91889630","https://openalex.org/W188651245","https://openalex.org/W190974126","https://openalex.org/W299225020","https://openalex.org/W567997208","https://openalex.org/W1480986414","https://openalex.org/W1494012798","https://openalex.org/W1518578696","https://openalex.org/W1522024619","https://openalex.org/W1528286763","https://openalex.org/W1585610988","https://openalex.org/W1616642328","https://openalex.org/W1716687807","https://openalex.org/W1745257373","https://openalex.org/W1775436428","https://openalex.org/W1858253732","https://openalex.org/W1872848930","https://openalex.org/W1929579363","https://openalex.org/W1964371259","https://openalex.org/W1964845265","https://openalex.org/W1965243783","https://openalex.org/W1968295086","https://openalex.org/W1973518642","https://openalex.org/W1976969815","https://openalex.org/W1979530704","https://openalex.org/W1980754674","https://openalex.org/W1984646461","https://openalex.org/W1988366818","https://openalex.org/W1989400920","https://openalex.org/W1993335407","https://openalex.org/W1993564660","https://openalex.org/W1994620724","https://openalex.org/W1994932571","https://openalex.org/W1995408302","https://openalex.org/W1995413930","https://openalex.org/W1996747841","https://openalex.org/W1997707285","https://openalex.org/W1999349314","https://openalex.org/W2003653478","https://openalex.org/W2003733939","https://openalex.org/W2004581163","https://openalex.org/W2004614509","https://openalex.org/W2009317241","https://openalex.org/W2011832962","https://openalex.org/W2017410074","https://openalex.org/W2017792173","https://openalex.org/W2018081610","https://openalex.org/W2019019531","https://openalex.org/W2026267776","https://openalex.org/W2026472362","https://openalex.org/W2027837329","https://openalex.org/W2028978584","https://openalex.org/W2032440215","https://openalex.org/W2035718657","https://openalex.org/W2045798253","https://openalex.org/W2047546504","https://openalex.org/W2052767181","https://openalex.org/W2053720461","https://openalex.org/W2053908690","https://openalex.org/W2054487262","https://openalex.org/W2060140584","https://openalex.org/W2061228286","https://openalex.org/W2062094747","https://openalex.org/W2063513503","https://openalex.org/W2064087781","https://openalex.org/W2065484873","https://openalex.org/W2065999701","https://openalex.org/W2067386609","https://openalex.org/W2070635017","https://openalex.org/W2070824612","https://openalex.org/W2071559616","https://openalex.org/W2072061172","https://openalex.org/W2075482171","https://openalex.org/W2080339271","https://openalex.org/W2080703617","https://openalex.org/W2082099729","https://openalex.org/W2083566771","https://openalex.org/W2084005400","https://openalex.org/W2085491857","https://openalex.org/W2086954623","https://openalex.org/W2093761921","https://openalex.org/W2097970886","https://openalex.org/W2106086187","https://openalex.org/W2106651136","https://openalex.org/W2111522521","https://openalex.org/W2113076747","https://openalex.org/W2113909834","https://openalex.org/W2114117041","https://openalex.org/W2114775204","https://openalex.org/W2117535423","https://openalex.org/W2123151112","https://openalex.org/W2123451251","https://openalex.org/W2124126925","https://openalex.org/W2124326568","https://openalex.org/W2124617208","https://openalex.org/W2128689084","https://openalex.org/W2130183563","https://openalex.org/W2132671813","https://openalex.org/W2133285466","https://openalex.org/W2134077691","https://openalex.org/W2134165090","https://openalex.org/W2134419850","https://openalex.org/W2135656616","https://openalex.org/W2136128505","https://openalex.org/W2137227144","https://openalex.org/W2139879643","https://openalex.org/W2143056822","https://openalex.org/W2144102063","https://openalex.org/W2149221633","https://openalex.org/W2149796877","https://openalex.org/W2151982307","https://openalex.org/W2153341405","https://openalex.org/W2153810892","https://openalex.org/W2155524893","https://openalex.org/W2156486191","https://openalex.org/W2158196600","https://openalex.org/W2162090451","https://openalex.org/W2162358789","https://openalex.org/W2165771301","https://openalex.org/W2171261065","https://openalex.org/W2275913184","https://openalex.org/W2291676013","https://openalex.org/W2336630152","https://openalex.org/W2342731957","https://openalex.org/W2436336594","https://openalex.org/W2440018143","https://openalex.org/W2469845665","https://openalex.org/W2473623996","https://openalex.org/W2475747809","https://openalex.org/W2519132385","https://openalex.org/W2521993116","https://openalex.org/W2523364226","https://openalex.org/W2559476594","https://openalex.org/W2563553362","https://openalex.org/W2565206566","https://openalex.org/W2582743722","https://openalex.org/W2598066139","https://openalex.org/W2601373637","https://openalex.org/W2604149216","https://openalex.org/W2729814639","https://openalex.org/W2733521666","https://openalex.org/W2742709779","https://openalex.org/W2743156455","https://openalex.org/W2767708107","https://openalex.org/W2789479883","https://openalex.org/W2790077949","https://openalex.org/W2796088708","https://openalex.org/W2806642092","https://openalex.org/W2887972570","https://openalex.org/W2901881776","https://openalex.org/W2914820280","https://openalex.org/W2921008151","https://openalex.org/W2921568010","https://openalex.org/W2921787691","https://openalex.org/W2923035930","https://openalex.org/W2927319664","https://openalex.org/W2943994216","https://openalex.org/W2946834100","https://openalex.org/W2972560242","https://openalex.org/W2991841760","https://openalex.org/W2995961377","https://openalex.org/W3011947978","https://openalex.org/W3047773795","https://openalex.org/W3047879172","https://openalex.org/W3096348033","https://openalex.org/W3100952199","https://openalex.org/W3121944003","https://openalex.org/W4229969541","https://openalex.org/W4237970926","https://openalex.org/W4238706004","https://openalex.org/W4243451190","https://openalex.org/W4253765102","https://openalex.org/W4254420084","https://openalex.org/W4292542163","https://openalex.org/W4385358569","https://openalex.org/W4409069102","https://openalex.org/W6675846837"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4390621509","https://openalex.org/W4391614791","https://openalex.org/W4391561703","https://openalex.org/W4232498178","https://openalex.org/W4312965931","https://openalex.org/W4391824365","https://openalex.org/W3011947978","https://openalex.org/W3047879172","https://openalex.org/W2883318042","https://openalex.org/W3047773795"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Background":[1],"Noncognitive":[2],"and":[3,30,47,50,60,88,110,204,218,232,238],"affective":[4],"(NCA)":[5],"factors":[6,28,46,53,68,142,200,211],"(e.g.,":[7],"belonging,":[8],"engineering":[9,61,82,155,183],"identity,":[10],"motivation,":[11],"mindset,":[12],"personality,":[13],"etc.)":[14],"are":[15],"important":[16],"to":[17,94,129,207,224,236],"undergraduate":[18],"student":[19,57,229,233,241],"success.":[20,242],"However,":[21],"few":[22],"studies":[23],"have":[24],"considered":[25],"how":[26,198],"these":[27,199],"coexist":[29],"act":[31],"in":[32,107,154,176,215],"concert.":[33],"Purpose/Hypothesis":[34],"We":[35,64,77,100],"hypothesize":[36],"that":[37,48,139],"students":[38,106,115,153,174],"cluster":[39,127],"into":[40,97],"several":[41],"distinct":[42,103,171],"collections":[43],"of":[44,105,113,126,166,173,182],"NCA":[45,67,118,141,185,188],"identifying":[49],"considering":[51],"the":[52,117,180,192],"together":[54,203],"may":[55,149,201],"inform":[56],"support":[58],"programs":[59],"education.":[62],"Design/Method":[63],"measured":[65],"28":[66],"using":[69],"a":[70,111,160],"survey":[71],"instrument":[72],"with":[73,116],"strong":[74],"validity":[75],"evidence.":[76],"gathered":[78],"responses":[79],"from":[80],"2339":[81],"undergraduates":[83],"at":[84],"17":[85],"U.S.":[86],"institutions":[87],"used":[89,146],"Gaussian":[90],"mixture":[91],"modeling":[92,231],"(GMM)":[93],"group":[95],"respondents":[96],"clusters.":[98],"Results":[99],"found":[101],"four":[102,170],"profiles":[104],"our":[108],"data":[109],"set":[112],"unclustered":[114],"factor":[119,189],"patterns":[120,190],"varying":[121],"substantially":[122],"by":[123],"cluster.":[124],"Correlations":[125],"membership":[128],"self\u2010reported":[130],"incoming":[131],"academic":[132],"performance":[133],"measures":[134,148],"were":[135],"not":[136],"strong,":[137],"suggesting":[138],"students'":[140,184],"rather":[143],"than":[144],"traditionally":[145],"cognitive":[147],"better":[150],"distinguish":[151],"among":[152],"programs.":[156],"Conclusions":[157],"GMM":[158],"is":[159],"powerful":[161],"technique":[162],"for":[163],"person\u2010centered":[164],"clustering":[165],"high\u2010dimensional":[167],"datasets.":[168],"The":[169,187],"clusters":[172,193],"discovered":[175],"this":[177],"research":[178,222],"illustrate":[179],"diversity":[181],"profiles.":[186],"within":[191],"provide":[194,205],"new":[195],"insights":[196],"on":[197,209,227],"function":[202],"opportunities":[206],"intervene":[208],"multiple":[210],"simultaneously,":[212],"potentially":[213],"resulting":[214],"more":[216],"comprehensive":[217],"effective":[219],"interventions.":[220],"This":[221],"leads":[223],"future":[225],"work":[226],"both":[228],"success":[230],"affairs\u2013academic":[234],"partnerships":[235],"understand":[237],"promote":[239],"holistic":[240]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2021-03-29T00:00:00"}