{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3136984893","doi":"https://doi.org/10.54729/2706-784x.1043","title":"CONCRETE MIX DESIGN USING SIMPLE EQUATIONS","display_name":"CONCRETE MIX DESIGN USING SIMPLE EQUATIONS","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-12-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3136984893","doi":"https://doi.org/10.54729/2706-784x.1043","mag":"3136984893"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.54729/2706-784x.1043","doi":"https://doi.org/10.54729/2706-784x.1043","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.54729/2706-784x.1043","pdf_url":"https://digitalcommons.bau.edu.lb/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1043&context=stjournal","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387278744","display_name":"BAU Journal - Science and Technology","issn_l":"2706-784X","issn":["2706-784X","2959-331X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BAU Journal - Science and Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://digitalcommons.bau.edu.lb/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1043&context=stjournal","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066468835","display_name":"Hakim Salem Abdelgader","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8563-056X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8563-056X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169333911","display_name":"Gda\u0144sk University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/006x4sc24","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169333911"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23906160","display_name":"University of Tripoli","ror":"https://ror.org/00taa2s29","country_code":"LY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23906160"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31439502","display_name":"University of Benghazi","ror":"https://ror.org/03fh7t044","country_code":"LY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31439502"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36314861","display_name":"Beirut Arab University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jya5567","country_code":"LB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36314861"]}],"countries":["LB","LY","PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hakim Abdelgader","raw_affiliation_strings":["Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland","Benghazi University, Civil Engineering Department, Benghazi, Libya,","Benghazi University, Civil Engineering Dept., Benghazi, Libya,","Department of Civil Engineering, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering,","Faculty of Engineering, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon,","Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169333911","https://openalex.org/I23906160"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Benghazi University, Civil Engineering Department, Benghazi, Libya,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31439502"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Benghazi University, Civil Engineering Dept., Benghazi, Libya,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31439502"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23906160"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36314861"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169333911"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055633754","display_name":"Ramadan Suleiman","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169333911","display_name":"Gda\u0144sk University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/006x4sc24","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169333911"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23906160","display_name":"University of Tripoli","ror":"https://ror.org/00taa2s29","country_code":"LY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23906160"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31439502","display_name":"University of Benghazi","ror":"https://ror.org/03fh7t044","country_code":"LY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31439502"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36314861","display_name":"Beirut Arab University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jya5567","country_code":"LB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36314861"]}],"countries":["LB","LY","PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ramadan Suleiman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Professor, Benghazi University, Civil Engineering Dept., Benghazi, Libya","Benghazi University, Civil Engineering Department, Benghazi, Libya,","Benghazi University, Civil Engineering Dept., Benghazi, Libya,","Department of Civil Engineering, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering,","Faculty of Engineering, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon,","Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Professor, Benghazi University, Civil Engineering Dept., Benghazi, Libya","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31439502"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Benghazi University, Civil Engineering Department, Benghazi, Libya,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31439502"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Benghazi University, Civil Engineering Dept., Benghazi, Libya,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31439502"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23906160"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36314861"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169333911"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112618283","display_name":"Abdalla Adam","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169333911","display_name":"Gda\u0144sk University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/006x4sc24","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169333911"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23906160","display_name":"University of Tripoli","ror":"https://ror.org/00taa2s29","country_code":"LY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23906160"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31439502","display_name":"University of Benghazi","ror":"https://ror.org/03fh7t044","country_code":"LY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31439502"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36314861","display_name":"Beirut Arab University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jya5567","country_code":"LB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36314861"]}],"countries":["LB","LY","PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdalla Adam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Eng., Benghazi University, Civil Engineering Department, Benghazi, Libya","Benghazi University, Civil Engineering Department, Benghazi, Libya,","Benghazi University, Civil Engineering Dept., Benghazi, Libya,","Department of Civil Engineering, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering,","Faculty of Engineering, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon,","Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Eng., Benghazi University, Civil Engineering Department, Benghazi, Libya","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31439502"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Benghazi University, Civil Engineering Department, Benghazi, Libya,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31439502"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Benghazi University, Civil Engineering Dept., Benghazi, Libya,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31439502"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23906160"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36314861"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169333911"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009628051","display_name":"Jamal Khatib","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4393-6728","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4393-6728"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169333911","display_name":"Gda\u0144sk University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/006x4sc24","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169333911"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23906160","display_name":"University of Tripoli","ror":"https://ror.org/00taa2s29","country_code":"LY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23906160"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31439502","display_name":"University of Benghazi","ror":"https://ror.org/03fh7t044","country_code":"LY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31439502"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36314861","display_name":"Beirut Arab University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jya5567","country_code":"LB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36314861"]}],"countries":["LB","LY","PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jamal Khatib","raw_affiliation_strings":["Professor, Faculty of Engineering, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon","Benghazi University, Civil Engineering Department, Benghazi, Libya,","Benghazi University, Civil Engineering Dept., Benghazi, Libya,","Department of Civil Engineering, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering,","Faculty of Engineering, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon,","Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Professor, Faculty of Engineering, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36314861"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Benghazi University, Civil Engineering Department, Benghazi, Libya,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31439502"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Benghazi University, Civil Engineering Dept., Benghazi, Libya,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31439502"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23906160"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36314861"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169333911"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.277,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.5265081,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10033","display_name":"Concrete and Cement Materials Research","score":0.8755000233650208,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10033","display_name":"Concrete and Cement Materials Research","score":0.8755000233650208,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12152","display_name":"Concrete Properties and Behavior","score":0.054499998688697815,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13031","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering Research","score":0.03920000046491623,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/concrete-mix-design","display_name":"concrete mix design","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aci-method","display_name":"ACI method","score":0.6769999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workability","display_name":"workability","score":0.796999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compressive-strength","display_name":"compressive strength","score":0.8820000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cement","display_name":"cement","score":0.4699999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aggregates","display_name":"aggregates","score":0.843999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water","display_name":"water","score":0.4099999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/concrete-admixtures","display_name":"concrete admixtures","score":0.6190000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simple-equations","display_name":"simple equations","score":0.45399999618530273}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4679612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q866298","display_name":"Aggregate (composite)","level":2,"score":0.716761589050293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.4872385561466217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.48660266399383545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C523993062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45190","display_name":"Cement","level":2,"score":0.48133739829063416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4258945882320404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107053488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2674423","display_name":"Construction engineering","level":1,"score":0.3874809443950653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21880701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2144042","display_name":"Process engineering","level":1,"score":0.3222070336341858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2911146879196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.14266756176948547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191897082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11467","display_name":"Metallurgy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.54729/2706-784x.1043","doi":"https://doi.org/10.54729/2706-784x.1043","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.54729/2706-784x.1043","pdf_url":"https://digitalcommons.bau.edu.lb/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1043&context=stjournal","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387278744","display_name":"BAU Journal - Science and Technology","issn_l":"2706-784X","issn":["2706-784X","2959-331X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BAU Journal - Science and Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.54729/2706-784x.1043","doi":"https://doi.org/10.54729/2706-784x.1043","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.54729/2706-784x.1043","pdf_url":"https://digitalcommons.bau.edu.lb/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1043&context=stjournal","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387278744","display_name":"BAU Journal - Science and Technology","issn_l":"2706-784X","issn":["2706-784X","2959-331X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BAU Journal - Science and Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3136984893.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3136984893.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1503019397","https://openalex.org/W202681065","https://openalex.org/W7159970888","https://openalex.org/W2498713377","https://openalex.org/W3138046778","https://openalex.org/W4386461030","https://openalex.org/W2385089854","https://openalex.org/W4413936396","https://openalex.org/W4226005613","https://openalex.org/W2363129562"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,144],"behaviour":[1,12],"of":[2,13,44,58,95,104,137,155,177,180,210,219,227,247,252],"concrete,":[3],"whether":[4],"fresh":[5],"or":[6],"hardened,":[7],"depends":[8,28],"basically":[9],"on":[10,30,159],"the":[11,17,31,45,50,65,92,96,135,138,150,178,181,208,217,220,225,245],"its":[14],"components":[15,47,98],"and":[16,55,68,99,141,146,161,169,212,229],"relationship":[18],"between":[19],"them,":[20],"therefore,":[21],"obtaining":[22],"a":[23,106,187],"concrete":[24,32,51,108,171,191,254],"with":[25],"certain":[26],"properties":[27,179],"fundamentally":[29],"mix":[33,36,61,80,97,192],"design.":[34],"Concrete":[35],"design":[37,193],"generally":[38],"includes":[39],"two":[40],"main":[41,46],"steps:":[42],"1-Selection":[43],"suitable":[48,133],"for":[49,79,134,190,250],"(cement,":[52],"aggregate,":[53],"water,":[54],"additives);":[56],"2-Determination":[57],"more":[59],"economical":[60],"ratios":[62],"to":[63,86,113,130,243],"fulfil":[64],"workability,":[66],"strength":[67],"efficiency":[69],"requirements.":[70],"Currently,":[71],"there":[72],"are":[73,83,101,149],"many":[74],"international":[75],"methods":[76,117,148,157],"locally":[77],"approved":[78],"designs.":[81],"They":[82],"all":[84,102],"related":[85],"each":[87],"other,":[88],"they":[89,100],"give":[90,118],"relatively":[91],"same":[93],"quantities":[94,120],"capable":[103],"providing":[105],"good":[107],"mix.":[109],"It":[110],"is":[111,200],"important":[112],"consider":[114],"that":[115],"these":[116,156],"approximate":[119],"which":[121,199,238],"should":[122],"be":[123],"checked":[124],"by":[125],"experimental":[126],"mixes":[127],"in":[128,203,207,216,224,231,237,256],"order":[129],"obtain":[131],"results":[132],"requirements":[136],"local":[139,142],"environment":[140],"materials.":[143],"ACI":[145],"BS":[147],"most":[151],"commonly":[152],"used.":[153,183],"Both":[154],"depend":[158],"graphs":[160],"standard":[162],"tables":[163],"derived":[164],"from":[165],"previous":[166],"research":[167,205],"experience":[168],"actual":[170],"production":[172],"as":[173,175],"well":[174],"studies":[176],"materials":[182],"This":[184,233],"paper":[185,234],"illustrates":[186],"new":[188],"approach":[189],"named":[194],"as:":[195],"\u201cDouble":[196],"Coating":[197],"Method\u201d,":[198],"currently":[201],"used":[202,242],"some":[204],"centers":[206],"republic":[209],"Poland":[211],"was":[213],"recently":[214],"applied":[215],"laboratories":[218],"Civil":[221],"Engineering":[222],"Departments":[223],"Universities":[226],"Tripoli":[228],"Benghazi":[230],"Libya.":[232],"describes":[235],"experiment":[236],"24":[239],"mixtures":[240,255],"were":[241],"assess":[244],"usefulness":[246],"this":[248],"technique":[249],"problem":[251],"proportioning":[253],"general.":[257]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2021-03-29T00:00:00"}