{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3136956280","doi":"https://doi.org/10.12659/msm.931962","title":"Interoception, Trait Anxiety, and the Gut Microbiome: A Cognitive and Physiological Model","display_name":"Interoception, Trait Anxiety, and the Gut Microbiome: A Cognitive and Physiological Model","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-03-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3136956280","doi":"https://doi.org/10.12659/msm.931962","mag":"3136956280","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33945520","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8106255"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.12659/msm.931962","doi":"https://doi.org/10.12659/msm.931962","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.12659/msm.931962","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S156858864","display_name":"Medical Science Monitor","issn_l":"1234-1010","issn":["1234-1010","1643-3750"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320062","host_organization_name":"International Scientific Information Inc.","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320062"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["International Scientific Information Inc."],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical Science Monitor","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.12659/msm.931962","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019871273","display_name":"Pascal B\u00fcttiker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9366-4225","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9366-4225"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21250087","display_name":"Charles University","ror":"https://ror.org/024d6js02","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21250087"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Pascal B\u00fcttiker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Cognitive and Molecular Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Cognitive and Molecular Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21250087"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071042730","display_name":"Simon Weissenberger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6394-9884","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6394-9884"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21250087","display_name":"Charles University","ror":"https://ror.org/024d6js02","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21250087"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Simon Weissenberger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Cognitive and Molecular Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Cognitive and Molecular Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21250087"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059522922","display_name":"Radek Pt\u00e1\u010dek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1076-2506","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1076-2506"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21250087","display_name":"Charles University","ror":"https://ror.org/024d6js02","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21250087"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Radek Ptacek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Cognitive and Molecular Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Cognitive and Molecular Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21250087"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037270934","display_name":"George B. Stefano","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8146-0740","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8146-0740"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21250087","display_name":"Charles University","ror":"https://ror.org/024d6js02","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21250087"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"George B. Stefano","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Cognitive and Molecular Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Cognitive and Molecular Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21250087"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5019871273"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21250087"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7629,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":35,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.62953995,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"27","issue":null,"first_page":"e931962","last_page":"e931962"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11334","display_name":"Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments","score":0.7002000212669373,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11334","display_name":"Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments","score":0.7002000212669373,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10853","display_name":"Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes","score":0.11069999635219574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11883","display_name":"Embodied and Extended Cognition","score":0.04520000144839287,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trait-anxiety","display_name":"trait anxiety","score":0.9760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interoception","display_name":"interoception","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gut-microbiota","display_name":"gut microbiota","score":0.9520000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gut-dysbiosis","display_name":"gut dysbiosis","score":0.8809999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interoceptive-inference","display_name":"interoceptive inference","score":0.9409999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autonomic-nervous-system","display_name":"autonomic nervous system","score":0.9049999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensory-uncertainty","display_name":"sensory uncertainty","score":0.5460000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overgeneralization","display_name":"overgeneralization","score":0.5740000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proprioception","display_name":"proprioception","score":0.5389999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exteroception","display_name":"exteroception","score":0.9020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anxiety-maintenance","display_name":"anxiety maintenance","score":0.5910000205039978}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908550385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40221469","display_name":"Interoception","level":3,"score":0.8959800601005554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019978661","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739734","display_name":"Gut microbiome","level":3,"score":0.7098371386528015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C558461103","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154430","display_name":"Anxiety","level":2,"score":0.6788462996482849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.603090226650238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143121216","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1330402","display_name":"Microbiome","level":2,"score":0.5948264002799988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992367442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154430","display_name":"Trait anxiety","level":3,"score":0.5676454305648804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106934330","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1971873","display_name":"Trait","level":2,"score":0.5263691544532776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.46062368154525757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70410870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906","display_name":"Clinical psychology","level":1,"score":0.37956297397613525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.374672532081604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.34792235493659973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.2872723937034607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60644358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128570","display_name":"Bioinformatics","level":1,"score":0.27112823724746704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.19244715571403503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.10010361671447754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069196","descriptor_name":"Gastrointestinal Microbiome","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001007","descriptor_name":"Anxiety","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001008","descriptor_name":"Anxiety Disorders","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003071","descriptor_name":"Cognition","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D064806","descriptor_name":"Dysbiosis","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D065812","descriptor_name":"Interoception","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.12659/msm.931962","doi":"https://doi.org/10.12659/msm.931962","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.12659/msm.931962","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S156858864","display_name":"Medical Science Monitor","issn_l":"1234-1010","issn":["1234-1010","1643-3750"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320062","host_organization_name":"International Scientific Information Inc.","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320062"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["International Scientific Information Inc."],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical Science Monitor","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8106255","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8106255/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8106255/pdf/","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Med Sci Monit","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:33945520","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33945520","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.12659/msm.931962","doi":"https://doi.org/10.12659/msm.931962","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.12659/msm.931962","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S156858864","display_name":"Medical Science Monitor","issn_l":"1234-1010","issn":["1234-1010","1643-3750"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320062","host_organization_name":"International Scientific Information Inc.","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320062"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["International Scientific Information Inc."],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Medical Science Monitor","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5683000087738037,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3136956280.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3136956280.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1524895715","https://openalex.org/W1533496174","https://openalex.org/W1663623302","https://openalex.org/W1751621284","https://openalex.org/W1981586625","https://openalex.org/W2022995207","https://openalex.org/W2037766104","https://openalex.org/W2039809261","https://openalex.org/W2040128952","https://openalex.org/W2052685640","https://openalex.org/W2055973947","https://openalex.org/W2072332251","https://openalex.org/W2077880694","https://openalex.org/W2090305817","https://openalex.org/W2120079537","https://openalex.org/W2132509901","https://openalex.org/W2148764920","https://openalex.org/W2153791616","https://openalex.org/W2157376352","https://openalex.org/W2161563886","https://openalex.org/W2237059274","https://openalex.org/W2276520418","https://openalex.org/W2338194712","https://openalex.org/W2396823339","https://openalex.org/W2530226740","https://openalex.org/W2530352241","https://openalex.org/W2538626945","https://openalex.org/W2582549085","https://openalex.org/W2594112302","https://openalex.org/W2607348396","https://openalex.org/W2611411882","https://openalex.org/W2620975570","https://openalex.org/W2644754552","https://openalex.org/W2803868827","https://openalex.org/W2805619619","https://openalex.org/W2807772034","https://openalex.org/W2949653992","https://openalex.org/W2976761635","https://openalex.org/W2977712465","https://openalex.org/W4233973055","https://openalex.org/W4294326487"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2891076048","https://openalex.org/W7199158142","https://openalex.org/W7061724234","https://openalex.org/W4405380154","https://openalex.org/W2955142760","https://openalex.org/W7099560416","https://openalex.org/W4416769223","https://openalex.org/W3206924380","https://openalex.org/W2144325046","https://openalex.org/W4412189855"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Trait":[0],"anxiety":[1,56,81,136,161],"is":[2,17,77,99,172],"characterized":[3],"as":[4],"a":[5,36],"constant":[6],"and":[7,23,44,91,152],"often":[8],"subliminal":[9,104],"state":[10],"that":[11,55,82,100,119,138],"persists":[12],"during":[13],"daily":[14],"life.":[15],"Interoception":[16],"the":[18,27,41,53,84,97,129,155,160,166,169,181],"perception":[19],"of":[20,46,66,96,113,150,168,180],"internal":[21],"states":[22,57],"sensations,":[24],"including":[25],"from":[26,59,70,88],"autonomic":[28,67],"nervous":[29],"system.":[30],"This":[31],"review":[32],"aims":[33],"to":[34,39,103,110,116,142,158],"develop":[35],"predictive":[37],"model":[38,50,76,171],"explain":[40],"emergence,":[42],"manifestations,":[43],"maintenance":[45],"trait":[47,80],"anxiety.":[48],"The":[49,63],"begins":[51],"with":[52],"assumption":[54],"arise":[58],"active":[60],"interoceptive":[61,135],"inference.":[62],"subsequent":[64],"activation":[65],"responses":[68,137,153],"results":[69],"aversive":[71,85],"sensory":[72,86,106,130],"encounters.":[73],"A":[74,93],"cognitive":[75],"proposed":[78,170],"for":[79],"includes":[83],"components":[87],"interoception,":[89],"exteroception,":[90],"proprioception.":[92],"further":[94],"component":[95],"hypothesis":[98],"repeated":[101],"exposure":[102],"anxiety-evoking":[105],"elements":[107],"can":[108],"lead":[109],"an":[111],"overgeneralization":[112],"this":[114,164],"response":[115],"other":[117],"inputs":[118],"are":[120],"generally":[121],"non-aversive.":[122],"Increased":[123],"uncertainty":[124],"may":[125,139],"result":[126],"when":[127],"predicting":[128],"environment,":[131],"resulting":[132],"in":[133],"arbitrary":[134],"be":[140],"due":[141],"unjustifiable":[143],"causes.":[144],"Arbitrary":[145],"successful":[146],"or":[147,178],"unsuccessful":[148],"matching":[149],"predictions":[151],"reduces":[154],"individual's":[156],"confidence":[157],"maintain":[159],"trait.":[162],"In":[163],"review,":[165],"application":[167],"illustrated":[173],"using":[174],"gut":[175,182],"microbial":[176],"dysbiosis":[177],"imbalance":[179],"microbiome.":[183]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2021-03-29T00:00:00"}
