{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3136863666","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2103.08878","title":"Learning without gradient descent encoded by the dynamics of a neurobiological model","display_name":"Learning without gradient descent encoded by the dynamics of a neurobiological model","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-03-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3136863666","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2103.08878","mag":"3136863666"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2103.08878","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2103.08878","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2103.08878","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2103.08878","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048013953","display_name":"Vivek Kurien George","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5710-727X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5710-727X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"George, Vivek Kurien","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088648350","display_name":"Vikash Morar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0858-3960","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0858-3960"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Morar, Vikash","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Engineered Natural Intelligence , University of California San Diego , La Jolla CA 92093 USA","Department of Bioengineering , University of California San Diego , La Jolla CA 92093 USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Engineered Natural Intelligence , University of California San Diego , La Jolla CA 92093 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Bioengineering , University of California San Diego , La Jolla CA 92093 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102743275","display_name":"Weiwei Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0377-2626","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0377-2626"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang, Weiwei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Research , Redmond WA 98052 USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Research , Redmond WA 98052 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056572216","display_name":"Jonathan Larson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8865-9306","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8865-9306"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Larson, Jonathan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Engineered Natural Intelligence , University of California San Diego , La Jolla CA 92093 USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Engineered Natural Intelligence , University of California San Diego , La Jolla CA 92093 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102836934","display_name":"Bryan Tower","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3659-6988","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3659-6988"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tower, Bryan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Engineered Natural Intelligence , University of California San Diego , La Jolla CA 92093 USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Engineered Natural Intelligence , University of California San Diego , La Jolla CA 92093 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030752461","display_name":"Shweti Mahajan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mahajan, Shweti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Engineered Natural Intelligence , University of California San Diego , La Jolla CA 92093 USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Engineered Natural Intelligence , University of California San Diego , La Jolla CA 92093 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057792268","display_name":"Arkin Gupta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2860-5605","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2860-5605"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gupta, Arkin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Engineered Natural Intelligence , University of California San Diego , La Jolla CA 92093 USA","Department of Bioengineering , University of California San Diego , La Jolla CA 92093 USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Engineered Natural Intelligence , University of California San Diego , La Jolla CA 92093 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Bioengineering , University of California San Diego , La Jolla CA 92093 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103871563","display_name":"Christopher M. White","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"White, Christopher","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Research , Redmond WA 98052 USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Research , Redmond WA 98052 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073467232","display_name":"Gabriel A. Silva","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Silva, Gabriel A.","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California\u2014San Diego"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California\u2014San Diego","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9789999723434448,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9789999723434448,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10581","display_name":"Neural dynamics and brain function","score":0.00419999985024333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.003000000026077032,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unsupervised-learning","display_name":"unsupervised learning","score":0.9020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gradient-free-learning","display_name":"gradient-free learning","score":0.8999999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neural-network-dynamics","display_name":"neural network dynamics","score":0.5809999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometric-networks","display_name":"geometric networks","score":0.8679999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neurobiological-model","display_name":"neurobiological model","score":0.5709999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-classification","display_name":"image classification","score":0.6480000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mnist","display_name":"MNIST","score":0.9649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-geometry","display_name":"network geometry","score":0.41200000047683716}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190502265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17069496","display_name":"MNIST database","level":3,"score":0.940354585647583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.704461395740509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153258448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1199743","display_name":"Gradient descent","level":3,"score":0.6954580545425415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6803506016731262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145912823","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q113558","display_name":"Dynamics (music)","level":2,"score":0.5918306112289429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8038995","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1152135","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","level":2,"score":0.5256544351577759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5104516744613647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.49384909868240356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.45341357588768005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.3424070477485657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.23342332243919373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.08212006092071533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2103.08878","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2103.08878","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2103.08878","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2103.08878","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2103.08878","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2103.08878","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2103.08878","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2103.08878","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2103.08878","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1904639934","https://openalex.org/W1993868308","https://openalex.org/W2042060110","https://openalex.org/W2048465471","https://openalex.org/W2076063813","https://openalex.org/W2106233502","https://openalex.org/W2153564253","https://openalex.org/W2798813502","https://openalex.org/W2798878556","https://openalex.org/W2808550672","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2950220847","https://openalex.org/W3030163527","https://openalex.org/W3037648627","https://openalex.org/W3045938012","https://openalex.org/W3135209450"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7125499369","https://openalex.org/W3042764081","https://openalex.org/W2977945214","https://openalex.org/W3166612562","https://openalex.org/W3203808064","https://openalex.org/W3119756205","https://openalex.org/W1968935533","https://openalex.org/W2172526582","https://openalex.org/W3014135912","https://openalex.org/W2744198306"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"success":[1],"of":[2,13,21,51,68,73,81,98],"state-of-the-art":[3,103],"machine":[4,63],"learning":[5,64],"is":[6,31],"essentially":[7],"all":[8],"based":[9],"on":[10],"different":[11],"variations":[12],"gradient":[14],"descent":[15],"algorithms":[16],"that":[17,65,86],"minimize":[18],"some":[19],"version":[20],"a":[22,57,69,82],"cost":[23],"or":[24,41],"loss":[25],"function.":[26],"A":[27],"fundamental":[28],"limitation,":[29],"however,":[30],"the":[32,78,96,111],"need":[33,112],"to":[34,47,62],"train":[35],"these":[36],"systems":[37],"in":[38,105],"either":[39],"supervised":[40],"unsupervised":[42,107],"ways":[43],"by":[44,77,95],"exposing":[45],"them":[46],"typically":[48],"large":[49],"numbers":[50],"training":[52],"examples.":[53],"Here,":[54],"we":[55],"introduce":[56],"fundamentally":[58],"novel":[59],"conceptual":[60],"approach":[61],"takes":[66],"advantage":[67],"neurobiologically":[70],"derived":[71],"model":[72],"dynamic":[74],"signaling,":[75],"constrained":[76],"geometric":[79,99],"structure":[80],"network.":[83],"We":[84],"show":[85],"MNIST":[87],"images":[88],"can":[89],"be":[90],"uniquely":[91],"encoded":[92],"and":[93,109],"classified":[94],"dynamics":[97],"networks":[100],"with":[101],"nearly":[102],"accuracy":[104],"an":[106],"way,":[108],"without":[110],"for":[113],"any":[114],"training.":[115]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2021-03-29T00:00:00"}
