{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3136811222","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/ntj41792010","title":"WAGNER'S LAW: A POOLED TIME-SERIES, CROSS-SECTION COMPARISON","display_name":"WAGNER'S LAW: A POOLED TIME-SERIES, CROSS-SECTION COMPARISON","publication_year":1985,"publication_date":"1985-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3136811222","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/ntj41792010","mag":"3136811222"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1086/ntj41792010","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/ntj41792010","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/ntj41792010","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116184629","display_name":"National Tax Journal","issn_l":"0028-0283","issn":["0028-0283","1944-7477"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315672","host_organization_name":"University of Chicago Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315672","https://openalex.org/P4310315690"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Chicago Press","University of Chicago"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Tax Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068730091","display_name":"Sohrab Abizadeh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9331-0953","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9331-0953"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"SOHRAB ABIZADEH","raw_affiliation_strings":[""],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082573832","display_name":"John A. Gray","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"JOHN GRAY","raw_affiliation_strings":[""],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.5695,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":137,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97671182,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"38","issue":"2","first_page":"209","last_page":"218"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11770","display_name":"Fiscal Policy and Economic Growth","score":0.6122999787330627,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11770","display_name":"Fiscal Policy and Economic Growth","score":0.6122999787330627,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13042","display_name":"Economic and Fiscal Studies","score":0.14949999749660492,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11621","display_name":"Fiscal Policies and Political Economy","score":0.14710000157356262,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wagner-s-law","display_name":"Wagner's law","score":0.9670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-development","display_name":"economic development","score":0.7200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state-expenditures","display_name":"state expenditures","score":0.40799999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-quality-of-life-index","display_name":"Physical Quality of Life Index","score":0.8479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/developing-countries","display_name":"developing countries","score":0.675000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/developed-countries","display_name":"developed countries","score":0.8259999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fiscal-policy","display_name":"fiscal policy","score":0.3100000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cross-national-comparison","display_name":"cross-national comparison","score":0.7149999737739563}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.7467472553253174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992690401","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7257739","display_name":"Government expenditure","level":3,"score":0.7068196535110474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6094850897789001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83864248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177323","display_name":"Developing country","level":2,"score":0.6025815010070801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777382242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6017816","display_name":"Index (typography)","level":2,"score":0.4746026396751404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780129039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1931107","display_name":"Section (typography)","level":2,"score":0.459870308637619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151406439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186588","display_name":"Time series","level":2,"score":0.4370178282260895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4288389980792999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143724316","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q312468","display_name":"Series (stratigraphy)","level":2,"score":0.42459675669670105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.3905493915081024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100001284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2248246","display_name":"Public economics","level":1,"score":0.38885778188705444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.36390912532806396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47768531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127188","display_name":"Development economics","level":1,"score":0.36179009079933167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178283979","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q274490","display_name":"Public finance","level":2,"score":0.14966243505477905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.12191689014434814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0974753201007843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112698675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37038","display_name":"Advertising","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1086/ntj41792010","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/ntj41792010","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/ntj41792010","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S116184629","display_name":"National Tax Journal","issn_l":"0028-0283","issn":["0028-0283","1944-7477"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315672","host_organization_name":"University of Chicago Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315672","https://openalex.org/P4310315690"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Chicago Press","University of Chicago"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Tax Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.48510000109672546,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.4099999964237213,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1","display_name":"No poverty"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":8,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1519679823","https://openalex.org/W1954840400","https://openalex.org/W1975833200","https://openalex.org/W1996242091","https://openalex.org/W2031190650","https://openalex.org/W2033324502","https://openalex.org/W2312820805","https://openalex.org/W2332113618"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3131004490","https://openalex.org/W4410731048","https://openalex.org/W2133512212","https://openalex.org/W1537469487","https://openalex.org/W4389111037","https://openalex.org/W2061254433","https://openalex.org/W3122368225","https://openalex.org/W1509119966","https://openalex.org/W7056030175","https://openalex.org/W1592107065"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"tests":[2],"Wagner's":[3,33],"\"Law":[4],"of":[5,26,30,46,52,64,75],"expanding":[6],"state":[7],"expenditures\"":[8],"against":[9],"pooled":[10],"time-series,":[11],"cross-section":[12],"data":[13],"for":[14,37,71,79,83,89],"53":[15],"countries":[16,23],"grouped":[17],"into":[18],"poor,":[19,81],"developing,":[20],"and":[21,61],"developed":[22,85,91],"by":[24],"means":[25],"the":[27,44,62,72,80,84,90,96],"Physical":[28],"Quality":[29],"Life":[31],"Index.":[32],"\"Law\"":[34],"is":[35,67,104],"tested":[36],"each":[38],"group":[39,74,92],"in":[40,95],"a":[41,93],"model":[42],"relating":[43],"growth":[45,63],"government":[47,65,97],"expenditures":[48,66],"to":[49,69],"several":[50],"measures":[51],"economic":[53,59,102],"development.":[54],"The":[55],"hypothesized":[56],"relationship":[57],"between":[58],"development":[60,103],"found":[68],"hold":[70],"developing":[73],"countries,":[76],"but":[77],"not":[78],"or":[82],"groups.":[86],"In":[87],"fact,":[88],"decline":[94],"expenditure":[98],"ratio":[99],"with":[100],"increased":[101],"observed.":[105]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-10-13T10:08:12.033832","created_date":"2021-03-29T00:00:00"}
