{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3136665775","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.619512","title":"Climate Change in Rwanda: The Observed Changes in Daily Maximum and Minimum Surface Air Temperatures during 1961\u20132014","display_name":"Climate Change in Rwanda: The Observed Changes in Daily Maximum and Minimum Surface Air Temperatures during 1961\u20132014","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-03-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3136665775","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.619512","mag":"3136665775"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/feart.2021.619512","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.619512","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.619512","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2021.619512/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595152256","display_name":"Frontiers in Earth Science","issn_l":"2296-6463","issn":["2296-6463"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Earth Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2021.619512/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064353940","display_name":"Jean Paul Ngarukiyimana","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jean Paul Ngarukiyimana","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078647723","display_name":"Yunfei Fu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1212-0045","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1212-0045"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yunfei Fu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002814256","display_name":"Celestin Sindikubwabo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9297-6697","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9297-6697"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Celestin Sindikubwabo","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011143253","display_name":"Nkurunziza Fabien Idrissa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4446-0784","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4446-0784"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087849","display_name":"University of Rwanda","ror":"https://ror.org/00286hs46","country_code":"RW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087849"]}],"countries":["CN","RW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Idrissa Fabien Nkurunziza","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087849"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077612684","display_name":"Faustin Katchele Ogou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0342-7929","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0342-7929"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Faustin Katchele Ogou","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083345566","display_name":"Floribert Vuguziga","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Floribert Vuguziga","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059411975","display_name":"Bob Alex Ogwang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1689-6561","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1689-6561"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210139155","display_name":"Uganda National Meteorological Authority","ror":"https://ror.org/03wgnjj45","country_code":"UG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210139155"]}],"countries":["UG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bob Alex Ogwang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Uganda National Meteorological Authority, Kampala, Uganda"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Uganda National Meteorological Authority, Kampala, Uganda","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210139155"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100605568","display_name":"Yuanjian Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3486-6286","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3486-6286"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159790","display_name":"Institute of Earth Environment","ror":"https://ror.org/04nps9965","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210159790"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391767821","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology","ror":"https://ror.org/03t0yb134","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210135735","https://openalex.org/I4391767821"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yuanjian Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, XianChina"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, XianChina","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210159790","https://openalex.org/I4391767821"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5078647723","https://openalex.org/A5100605568"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I200845125","https://openalex.org/I4210159790","https://openalex.org/I4391767821"],"apc_list":{"value":2950,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2950},"apc_paid":{"value":2950,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2950},"fwci":0.9247,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":27,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.69118158,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10029","display_name":"Climate variability and models","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10029","display_name":"Climate variability and models","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13530","display_name":"Climate Change and Environmental Impact","score":0.0012000000569969416,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10766","display_name":"Urban Heat Island Mitigation","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climate-change","display_name":"climate change","score":0.9240000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface-air-temperature","display_name":"surface air temperature","score":0.8460000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/daily-maximum-temperature","display_name":"daily maximum temperature","score":0.8679999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/daily-minimum-temperature","display_name":"daily minimum temperature","score":0.9850000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diurnal-temperature-variation","display_name":"diurnal temperature range","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/warming-trend","display_name":"warming trend","score":0.8180000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elevation-effects-on-temperature","display_name":"elevation effects on temperature","score":0.6679999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/abrupt-climate-change","display_name":"abrupt climate change","score":0.7509999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rwanda","display_name":"Rwanda","score":0.9049999713897705}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49204034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139","display_name":"Climatology","level":1,"score":0.6294870376586914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.6194697022438049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132651083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942","display_name":"Climate change","level":2,"score":0.6140396595001221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167678106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5283759","display_name":"Diurnal temperature variation","level":2,"score":0.5809815526008606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994323764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909741","display_name":"Surface air temperature","level":3,"score":0.5520004034042358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162725370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52643","display_name":"Daytime","level":2,"score":0.4991641044616699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983363897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845339","display_name":"Air temperature","level":2,"score":0.45103299617767334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.44584500789642334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127142870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7838279","display_name":"Trend analysis","level":2,"score":0.43602535128593445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158709400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3578586","display_name":"Spatial ecology","level":2,"score":0.42954200506210327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91586092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","level":1,"score":0.4261401295661926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100970517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52107","display_name":"Physical geography","level":1,"score":0.32308363914489746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.29531368613243103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.20880165696144104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2040717601776123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.13197621703147888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/feart.2021.619512","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.619512","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.619512","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2021.619512/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595152256","display_name":"Frontiers in Earth Science","issn_l":"2296-6463","issn":["2296-6463"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Earth Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:888d7b9014534234b8daff2d815160d8","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/888d7b9014534234b8daff2d815160d8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Earth Science, Vol 9 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/feart.2021.619512","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.619512","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.619512","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2021.619512/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595152256","display_name":"Frontiers in Earth Science","issn_l":"2296-6463","issn":["2296-6463"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Earth Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":1.0,"display_name":"Climate action"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2059957320","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41620104009","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4280312513","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"91837310","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G478081134","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41675041","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6649336472","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018YFC1507200","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7269451836","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"201904a07020099","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8062807750","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019QZKK0104","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8769567483","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017YFC1501402","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325599","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338171","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology","ror":"https://ror.org/03t0yb134"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3136665775.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3136665775.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W14565817","https://openalex.org/W1542028906","https://openalex.org/W1590262021","https://openalex.org/W1627355211","https://openalex.org/W1669944625","https://openalex.org/W1681926796","https://openalex.org/W1914671029","https://openalex.org/W1935854590","https://openalex.org/W1945771600","https://openalex.org/W1968774951","https://openalex.org/W1978815659","https://openalex.org/W1980011094","https://openalex.org/W2000257837","https://openalex.org/W2017209260","https://openalex.org/W2018764772","https://openalex.org/W2024649846","https://openalex.org/W2034397952","https://openalex.org/W2043278879","https://openalex.org/W2044933266","https://openalex.org/W2047328724","https://openalex.org/W2049969069","https://openalex.org/W2066767574","https://openalex.org/W2069659987","https://openalex.org/W2103051330","https://openalex.org/W2129961711","https://openalex.org/W2133501143","https://openalex.org/W2153547214","https://openalex.org/W2161248428","https://openalex.org/W2163788343","https://openalex.org/W2165779443","https://openalex.org/W2175960157","https://openalex.org/W2176578819","https://openalex.org/W2259539631","https://openalex.org/W2309514708","https://openalex.org/W2318680928","https://openalex.org/W2397400806","https://openalex.org/W2418803557","https://openalex.org/W2516311767","https://openalex.org/W2586220819","https://openalex.org/W2735583327","https://openalex.org/W2750204209","https://openalex.org/W2777384663","https://openalex.org/W2803864822","https://openalex.org/W2914123653","https://openalex.org/W2972615240","https://openalex.org/W3025472758","https://openalex.org/W3038061982","https://openalex.org/W3124416644"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4386838390","https://openalex.org/W4391296410","https://openalex.org/W2163788343","https://openalex.org/W7062213404","https://openalex.org/W4407667214","https://openalex.org/W2027439614","https://openalex.org/W7118081507","https://openalex.org/W4319740328","https://openalex.org/W4417072531","https://openalex.org/W4409732294"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Rwanda":[0,302],"has":[1],"experienced":[2],"high":[3,160],"temperature":[4,33,39,137],"rising":[5],"phenomena":[6],"over":[7,215],"the":[8,21,75,82,101,162,179,184,216,221,252,269,273,291,319],"last":[9],"decades":[10],"and":[11,23,29,35,37,48,69,128,153,172,195,200,208,240,275,278,283,293,299,303],"hence,":[12],"highly":[13],"vulnerable":[14],"to":[15,53,74,86,99,108,124],"climate":[16],"change.":[17],"This":[18,254],"paper":[19],"examined":[20],"spatial":[22,204,292],"temporal":[24,294],"variations":[25],"of":[26,103,187,206,258,268,296],"daily":[27],"maximum":[28],"minimum":[30],"surface":[31],"air":[32],"(Tmin":[34],"Tmax)":[36],"diurnal":[38],"range":[40],"(DTR).":[41],"It":[42],"studied":[43],"variables":[44],"at":[45,117,227],"monthly,":[46],"seasonal":[47,118,199,274],"annual":[49,201,276],"time-scales":[50],"from":[51,84,92],"1961":[52],"2014.":[54],"The":[55,106,120,203,262,285],"study":[56,181],"applied":[57],"various":[58],"statistical":[59,72],"methods":[60],"such":[61],"as":[62],"ordinary":[63],"least-square":[64],"fitting,":[65],"Mann-Kendall,":[66],"Sen\u2019":[67],"slope":[68],"Sequential":[70],"Mann-Kendall":[71],"test":[73,264],"new":[76],"reconstructed":[77],"ENACTS":[78,104],"dataset":[79],"that":[80],"cover":[81],"period":[83],"1983":[85],"2014":[87],"while":[88],"pre-1983s":[89],"recorded":[90],"data":[91],"24":[93],"meteorological":[94],"stations":[95,139],"have":[96],"been":[97],"added":[98],"complete":[100],"lengthiness":[102],"data.":[105],"January":[107],"February":[109],"season":[110],"did":[111],"not":[112],"show":[113],"a":[114,165,211,228,248,310],"significant":[115,166,249],"trend":[116,168,214],"time-scales.":[119],"authors":[121],"decided":[122],"only":[123],"consider":[125],"March-to-May,":[126],"June-to-August":[127],"October-to-December":[129],"seasons":[130],"for":[131],"further":[132],"analyses.":[133],"Topography":[134],"impacts":[135],"on":[136,290],"classified":[138],"into":[140],"three":[141,155,176,193],"regions:":[142],"region":[143,148,154],"one":[144],"(R1)":[145],"(1,000\u20131,500":[146],"m),":[147],"two":[149],"(R2)":[150],"(1,500\u20132,000":[151],"m)":[152],"(R3)":[156],"(\u22652,000":[157],"m).":[158],"With":[159],"confidence,":[161],"results":[163],"indicate":[164],"positive":[167],"in":[169,174,192,198,233,238,244,247,251,260,272,301,312,318],"both":[170],"Tmin":[171,209,225,279],"Tmax":[173,207,232,277,298],"all":[175],"regions":[177,194],"during":[178],"whole":[180,217],"period.":[182],"However,":[183],"magnitude":[185],"rate":[186,230],"temperatures":[188],"change":[189],"is":[190,255],"different":[191],"it":[196],"varies":[197],"scale.":[202],"distributions":[205],"represent":[210],"siginificant":[212],"warming":[213,259],"country":[218],"notably":[219],"since":[220],"early":[222],"1980s.":[223],"Surprisingly,":[224],"increased":[226],"faster":[229],"than":[231],"R3":[234],"(0.27":[235],"vs.":[236,242],"0.07\u00b0C/decade":[237],"March-to-May)":[239],"(0.29":[241],"0.04\u00b0C/decade":[243],"October-to-December),":[245],"resulting":[246],"decrease":[250],"DTR.":[253],"another":[256],"confirmation":[257],"Rwanda.":[261],"mutation":[263],"application":[265],"exhibited":[266],"most":[267],"abrupt":[270],"changes":[271],"trends":[280],"between":[281],"1984":[282],"1990.":[284],"present":[286],"work":[287],"mainly":[288],"focus":[289],"variability":[295],"Tmin,":[297],"DTR":[300],"their":[304],"relationship":[305],"with":[306],"elevation":[307],"change,":[308],"leaving":[309],"gap":[311],"other":[313],"potential":[314],"cause":[315],"factors":[316],"explored":[317],"future.":[320]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2021-03-29T00:00:00"}
