{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3136432015","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app11062515","title":"A Comparative Study of Energy Consumption and Recovery of Autonomous Fuel-Cell Hydrogen\u2013Electric Vehicles Using Different Powertrains Based on Regenerative Braking and Electronic Stability Control System","display_name":"A Comparative Study of Energy Consumption and Recovery of Autonomous Fuel-Cell Hydrogen\u2013Electric Vehicles Using Different Powertrains Based on Regenerative Braking and Electronic Stability Control System","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-03-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3136432015","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app11062515","mag":"3136432015"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/app11062515","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app11062515","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app11062515","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/6/2515/pdf?version=1616596714","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205812","display_name":"Applied Sciences","issn_l":"2076-3417","issn":["2076-3417"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W3136432015"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/6/2515/pdf?version=1616596714","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087729196","display_name":"Ahmet Y\u0131ld\u0131z","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5434-4368","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5434-4368"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131835042","display_name":"Bursa Uluda\u011f \u00dcni\u0307versi\u0307tesi\u0307","ror":"https://ror.org/03tg3eb07","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131835042"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ahmet Yildiz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Automotive Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Bursa Uluda\u011f University, G\u00f6r\u00fckle, Bursa 16240, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Automotive Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Bursa Uluda\u011f University, G\u00f6r\u00fckle, Bursa 16240, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131835042"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024450529","display_name":"Mert Ali \u00d6ZEL","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2887-3359","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2887-3359"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131835042","display_name":"Bursa Uluda\u011f \u00dcni\u0307versi\u0307tesi\u0307","ror":"https://ror.org/03tg3eb07","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131835042"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mert Ali \u00d6zel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mechanical Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Bursa Uluda\u011f University, G\u00f6r\u00fckle, Bursa 16240, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mechanical Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Bursa Uluda\u011f University, G\u00f6r\u00fckle, Bursa 16240, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131835042"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5087729196"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131835042"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2160},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2160},"fwci":2.5539,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":50,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89294315,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"6","first_page":"2515","last_page":"2515"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10808","display_name":"Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technologies","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10808","display_name":"Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technologies","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10805","display_name":"Vehicle Dynamics and Control Systems","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12095","display_name":"Vehicle emissions and performance","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hydrogen-fuel-cell-vehicles","display_name":"hydrogen fuel cell vehicles","score":0.9290000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/powertrain-architecture","display_name":"powertrain architecture","score":0.6000000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"energy consumption","score":0.9120000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-recovery","display_name":"energy recovery","score":0.8849999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regenerative-braking","display_name":"regenerative braking","score":0.9610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/continuously-variable-transmission","display_name":"continuously variable transmission","score":0.8159999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/two-stage-gear-transmission","display_name":"two-stage gear transmission","score":0.8899999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/in-wheel-motor","display_name":"in-wheel motor","score":0.7649999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autonomous-vehicles","display_name":"autonomous vehicles","score":0.7820000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nedc","display_name":"NEDC","score":1.0}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76047896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1786258","display_name":"Powertrain","level":3,"score":0.918147623538971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.780038058757782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193235527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q863787","display_name":"Continuously variable transmission","level":3,"score":0.5515168905258179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.5166297554969788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45882903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5042317","display_name":"Fuel efficiency","level":2,"score":0.491553395986557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162380856","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580078","display_name":"Regenerative brake","level":3,"score":0.48264509439468384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.45375561714172363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.4421716332435608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526921623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190117","display_name":"Automotive industry","level":2,"score":0.4321857690811157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176871988","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q72313","display_name":"Electric motor","level":2,"score":0.43134722113609314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.36887848377227783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144171764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48103","display_name":"Torque","level":2,"score":0.22991758584976196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.10034677386283875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.09989789128303528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780999251","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17022503","display_name":"Brake","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/app11062515","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app11062515","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app11062515","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/6/2515/pdf?version=1616596714","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205812","display_name":"Applied Sciences","issn_l":"2076-3417","issn":["2076-3417"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:85944556f50143938b15a42cfcff57ba","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/85944556f50143938b15a42cfcff57ba","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences, Vol 11, Iss 6, p 2515 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/app11062515","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app11062515","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app11062515","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/6/2515/pdf?version=1616596714","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205812","display_name":"Applied Sciences","issn_l":"2076-3417","issn":["2076-3417"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.9853000044822693,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.8970999717712402,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":0.4399999976158142,"display_name":"Climate action"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3136432015.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3136432015.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2005647119","https://openalex.org/W2028819909","https://openalex.org/W2051269454","https://openalex.org/W2070180927","https://openalex.org/W2075552332","https://openalex.org/W2082238170","https://openalex.org/W2124308739","https://openalex.org/W2149849661","https://openalex.org/W2169929263","https://openalex.org/W2217723108","https://openalex.org/W2397013512","https://openalex.org/W2477352084","https://openalex.org/W2626352221","https://openalex.org/W2728999709","https://openalex.org/W2768886914","https://openalex.org/W2769242329","https://openalex.org/W2795670193","https://openalex.org/W2799438855","https://openalex.org/W2799486048","https://openalex.org/W2884513730","https://openalex.org/W2892115290","https://openalex.org/W2895407719","https://openalex.org/W2899860103","https://openalex.org/W2901335896","https://openalex.org/W2901652803","https://openalex.org/W2905093851","https://openalex.org/W2908589556","https://openalex.org/W2920726721","https://openalex.org/W2921990754","https://openalex.org/W2922812113","https://openalex.org/W2931695972","https://openalex.org/W2937397129","https://openalex.org/W2944782338","https://openalex.org/W2946085508","https://openalex.org/W2955059094","https://openalex.org/W2978714871","https://openalex.org/W2986232573","https://openalex.org/W2994736975","https://openalex.org/W2995365046","https://openalex.org/W2997381259","https://openalex.org/W3000397646","https://openalex.org/W3005457298","https://openalex.org/W3039299107","https://openalex.org/W3042635052","https://openalex.org/W3084107187","https://openalex.org/W6684646891"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4312208984","https://openalex.org/W2166902258","https://openalex.org/W7208781889","https://openalex.org/W2543462697","https://openalex.org/W4417198413","https://openalex.org/W7167246468","https://openalex.org/W4385486205","https://openalex.org/W4396686116","https://openalex.org/W2034084876","https://openalex.org/W2242887577"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Today,":[0],"with":[1,52,78],"the":[2,9,26,109,118,121,132,146,152,165,177,187,195,198,213,220,224,230],"increasing":[3],"transition":[4],"to":[5,38,107,130,205,212,228],"electric":[6,76,96,209],"vehicles":[7],"(EVs),":[8],"design":[10],"of":[11,32,91,101,113,120,134,197,223,235],"highly":[12,239],"energy-efficient":[13],"vehicle":[14,35,97,252],"architectures":[15,36,115],"has":[16],"taken":[17],"precedence":[18],"for":[19,139,151,242,245],"many":[20],"car":[21],"manufacturers.":[22],"To":[23],"this":[24,43,102,143,216,236],"end,":[25],"energy":[27,110,167,188,221,253],"consumption":[28,111,168,222,254],"and":[29,58,74,82,128,155,215,247,255],"recovery":[30,256],"rates":[31],"different":[33,46],"powertrain":[34,47,114,175,217],"need":[37],"be":[39,170,192],"investigated":[40],"comprehensively.":[41],"In":[42],"study,":[44],"six":[45],"architectures\u2014four":[48],"independent":[49],"in-wheel":[50],"motors":[51],"regenerative":[53,122],"electronic":[54,123],"stability":[55,124],"control":[56,125],"(RESC)":[57,126],"without":[59],"an":[60,92,140,182],"RESC,":[61],"one-stage":[62],"gear":[63,67],"(1G)":[64],"transmission,":[65,69],"two-stage":[66],"(2G)":[68],"continuously":[70],"variable":[71],"transmission":[72],"(CVT)":[73],"downsized":[75,136,208],"motor":[77,138,210],"CVT\u2014were":[79],"mathematically":[80],"modeled":[81],"analyzed":[83],"under":[84],"real":[85],"road":[86],"conditions":[87],"using":[88,176],"nonlinear":[89],"models":[90],"autonomous":[93],"hydrogen":[94],"fuel-cell":[95],"(HFCEV).":[98],"The":[99,160,233],"aims":[100],"paper":[103,237],"were":[104,149],"twofold:":[105],"first,":[106],"compare":[108],"performance":[112],"by":[116,172],"analyzing":[117],"effects":[119],"system,":[127],"secondly,":[129],"investigate":[131],"usability":[133],"a":[135,173,207,249],"electrical":[137,251],"HFCEV.":[141],"For":[142],"purpose,":[144],"all":[145,229],"numerical":[147],"simulations":[148],"conducted":[150],"well-known":[153],"FTP75":[154],"NEDC":[156],"urban":[157],"drive":[158],"cycles.":[159],"obtained":[161],"results":[162,196,234],"demonstrate":[163],"that":[164,201],"minimum":[166],"can":[169,191],"achieved":[171],"2G-based":[174],"same":[178],"motor;":[179],"however,":[180],"when":[181],"RESC":[183],"system":[184],"is":[185,203],"used,":[186],"recovery/consumption":[189],"rate":[190],"increased.":[193],"Moreover,":[194],"article":[199],"show":[200],"it":[202],"possible":[204],"use":[206],"due":[211],"CVT,":[214],"significantly":[218],"reduces":[219],"HFCEV":[225],"as":[226],"compared":[227],"other":[231],"systems.":[232],"present":[238],"significant":[240],"implications":[241],"automotive":[243],"manufacturers":[244],"designing":[246],"developing":[248],"cleaner":[250],"system.":[257]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2021-03-29T00:00:00"}