{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3136366299","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17470218211009159","title":"Adult bilinguals outperform monolinguals in theory of mind","display_name":"Adult bilinguals outperform monolinguals in theory of mind","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-03-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3136366299","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17470218211009159","mag":"3136366299","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33764208"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/17470218211009159","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17470218211009159","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17470218211009159","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59062809","display_name":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology","issn_l":"0033-555X","issn":["0033-555X","1747-0218","1747-0226"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://psyarxiv.com/nyt3w/download","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090172107","display_name":"Ester Navarro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3570-6877","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3570-6877"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136722135","display_name":"Claremont Graduate University","ror":"https://ror.org/0157pnt69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136722135"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ester Navarro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Behavioral and Organizational Sciences, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3570-6877","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Behavioral and Organizational Sciences, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136722135"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070727113","display_name":"Andrew R. A. Conway","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6441-9930","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6441-9930"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136722135","display_name":"Claremont Graduate University","ror":"https://ror.org/0157pnt69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136722135"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew RA Conway","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Behavioral and Organizational Sciences, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Behavioral and Organizational Sciences, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136722135"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5090172107"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136722135"],"apc_list":{"value":3000,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3000},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.1539,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":35,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97994462,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"74","issue":"11","first_page":"1841","last_page":"1851"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10656","display_name":"Child and Animal Learning Development","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10656","display_name":"Child and Animal Learning Development","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10730","display_name":"Language Development and Disorders","score":0.0013000000035390258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12694","display_name":"Categorization, perception, and language","score":0.0013000000035390258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theory-of-mind","display_name":"theory of mind","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bilingualism","display_name":"bilingualism","score":0.9179999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monolingual-speakers","display_name":"monolinguals","score":0.9200000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective-taking","display_name":"perspective taking","score":0.8199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cultural-experience","display_name":"cultural experience","score":0.5889999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistic-experience","display_name":"language experience","score":0.6819999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-cognition","display_name":"social cognition","score":0.8539999723434448}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49876356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7002651","display_name":"Neuroscience of multilingualism","level":2,"score":0.8596057891845703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779560602","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q639219","display_name":"Theory of mind","level":3,"score":0.8532400131225586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.7718393206596375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.6161981225013733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5037218928337097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.4930400550365448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.43650922179222107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.2105848789215088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002675","descriptor_name":"Child, Preschool","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019303","descriptor_name":"Multilingualism","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D056345","descriptor_name":"Theory of Mind","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/17470218211009159","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17470218211009159","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/17470218211009159","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59062809","display_name":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology","issn_l":"0033-555X","issn":["0033-555X","1747-0218","1747-0226"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.31234/osf.io/nyt3w","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/nyt3w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/nyt3w","pdf_url":"https://psyarxiv.com/nyt3w/download","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmid:33764208","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33764208","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:share.osf.io:8d6b8479-4220-458f-a6eb-96421ecb1266","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://osf.io/nyt3w","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401687","display_name":"PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2799848540","host_organization_name":"Center for Open Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799848540"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:share.osf.io:E00C6-282-D5C","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://osf.io/nyt3w/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401687","display_name":"PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2799848540","host_organization_name":"Center for Open Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799848540"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.31234/osf.io/nyt3w","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/nyt3w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/nyt3w","pdf_url":"https://psyarxiv.com/nyt3w/download","source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3136366299.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3136366299.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":68,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W77722195","https://openalex.org/W1597935046","https://openalex.org/W1600325716","https://openalex.org/W1709947398","https://openalex.org/W1837312329","https://openalex.org/W1883717201","https://openalex.org/W1969787028","https://openalex.org/W1979184345","https://openalex.org/W1995092218","https://openalex.org/W2001792710","https://openalex.org/W2004403846","https://openalex.org/W2007937264","https://openalex.org/W2007994902","https://openalex.org/W2016945111","https://openalex.org/W2022092696","https://openalex.org/W2025264833","https://openalex.org/W2037689983","https://openalex.org/W2039264326","https://openalex.org/W2039311355","https://openalex.org/W2039517753","https://openalex.org/W2043995362","https://openalex.org/W2049492419","https://openalex.org/W2053153882","https://openalex.org/W2066065100","https://openalex.org/W2067267637","https://openalex.org/W2067884299","https://openalex.org/W2069863414","https://openalex.org/W2070169288","https://openalex.org/W2072545276","https://openalex.org/W2080335873","https://openalex.org/W2080795494","https://openalex.org/W2081301135","https://openalex.org/W2090932222","https://openalex.org/W2093410327","https://openalex.org/W2094043793","https://openalex.org/W2095776609","https://openalex.org/W2100390828","https://openalex.org/W2100694823","https://openalex.org/W2101525010","https://openalex.org/W2114366548","https://openalex.org/W2116561060","https://openalex.org/W2118759397","https://openalex.org/W2119061043","https://openalex.org/W2119224589","https://openalex.org/W2122274810","https://openalex.org/W2131671963","https://openalex.org/W2133520183","https://openalex.org/W2134153248","https://openalex.org/W2139188400","https://openalex.org/W2141538250","https://openalex.org/W2150672384","https://openalex.org/W2152292563","https://openalex.org/W2155907853","https://openalex.org/W2162065316","https://openalex.org/W2312521216","https://openalex.org/W2410817073","https://openalex.org/W2548842521","https://openalex.org/W2550816150","https://openalex.org/W2756090109","https://openalex.org/W2765553072","https://openalex.org/W2792048612","https://openalex.org/W2798006013","https://openalex.org/W2888161990","https://openalex.org/W2918318779","https://openalex.org/W2919203319","https://openalex.org/W3008252655","https://openalex.org/W3016960923","https://openalex.org/W3113300015"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4410951423","https://openalex.org/W4411338576","https://openalex.org/W4307566730","https://openalex.org/W3179299415","https://openalex.org/W6924963549","https://openalex.org/W4385363866","https://openalex.org/W4408418771","https://openalex.org/W2080795494","https://openalex.org/W3190104033","https://openalex.org/W2592392270"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Theory":[0],"of":[1,116,142,149,157],"mind":[2],"(ToM)":[3],"is":[4,15,131],"an":[5,175],"essential":[6],"ability":[7,135],"for":[8,17],"social":[9],"competence":[10],"and":[11,13,26,37,72,92,171],"communication,":[12],"it":[14],"necessary":[16],"understanding":[18],"behaviors":[19],"that":[20,35,64,106,129,151,169],"differ":[21],"from":[22],"our":[23],"own":[24],"(Premack":[25],"Woodruff,":[27],"1978).":[28],"Research":[29,62],"on":[30,47,52,95,177],"bilingual":[31,91,107],"children":[32],"has":[33,49,78],"reported":[34],"3":[36],"4-year-old":[38],"bilinguals":[39,66],"outperform":[40,69],"monolinguals":[41,70,110],"in":[42,111,122],"ToM":[43,48,57,163],"tasks.":[44],"While":[45],"research":[46],"traditionally":[50],"focused":[51],"children\u2019s":[53],"performance,":[54],"adult":[55,65],"bilinguals\u2019":[56],"abilities":[58],"are":[59],"largely":[60],"unexplored.":[61],"suggests":[63,128],"also":[67,160],"might":[68],"(Rubio-Fernandez":[71],"Glucksberg,":[73],"2012),":[74],"nevertheless,":[75],"this":[76],"difference":[77],"yet":[79],"to":[80,113,124,136],"be":[81],"established":[82],"using":[83],"a":[84],"more":[85],"robust":[86],"methodology.":[87],"Here,":[88],"we":[89],"tested":[90],"monolingual":[93],"adults":[94,108],"the":[96,117,140,147,166],"director":[97,118],"task":[98],"(Dumontheil,":[99],"Apperly,":[100],"&":[101],"Blakemore,":[102],"2010).":[103],"Results":[104],"showed":[105],"outperformed":[109],"response":[112,123],"perspective-dependent":[114],"trials":[115],"task,":[119],"but":[120],"not":[121],"control":[125],"trials.":[126],"This":[127],"bilingualism":[130],"associated":[132,161],"with":[133,162],"individuals\u2019":[134],"take":[137],"into":[138],"account":[139],"perspective":[141],"another":[143],"person.":[144],"In":[145],"addition,":[146],"number":[148],"cultures":[150],"participants":[152],"were":[153],"exposed":[154],"to,":[155],"regardless":[156],"bilingualism,":[158],"was":[159],"performance.":[164],"Overall,":[165],"findings":[167],"suggest":[168],"linguistic":[170],"cultural":[172],"experience":[173],"have":[174],"impact":[176],"ToM.":[178]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2021-03-29T00:00:00"}
