{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3136328545","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2021.e00749","title":"A proposed Ghanaian intercity public transport departure scheduling model based on the dynamic rate leaky bucket algorithm","display_name":"A proposed Ghanaian intercity public transport departure scheduling model based on the dynamic rate leaky bucket algorithm","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-03-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3136328545","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2021.e00749","mag":"3136328545"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.sciaf.2021.e00749","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2021.e00749","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2021.e00749","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468227621000533/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210198261","display_name":"Scientific African","issn_l":"2468-2276","issn":["2468-2276"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific African","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","datacite","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468227621000533/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040332041","display_name":"Theresa-Samuelle Adjaidoo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9667-6704","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9667-6704"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28046988","display_name":"Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00cb23x68","country_code":"GH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28046988"]}],"countries":["GH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Theresa-Samuelle Adjaidoo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28046988"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045838121","display_name":"Emmanuel Kofi Akowuah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5717-0284","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5717-0284"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28046988","display_name":"Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00cb23x68","country_code":"GH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28046988"]}],"countries":["GH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emmanuel Kofi Akowuah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28046988"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5040332041"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28046988"],"apc_list":{"value":200,"currency":"USD","value_usd":200},"apc_paid":{"value":200,"currency":"USD","value_usd":200},"fwci":0.5532,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.6890334,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":null,"first_page":"e00749","last_page":"e00749"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10698","display_name":"Transportation Planning and Optimization","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10698","display_name":"Transportation Planning and Optimization","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10524","display_name":"Traffic control and management","score":0.0019000000320374966,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11568","display_name":"Railway Systems and Energy Efficiency","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intercity-public-transport","display_name":"intercity public transport","score":0.9160000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/passenger-waiting-time","display_name":"passenger waiting time","score":0.7409999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bus-capacity","display_name":"bus capacity","score":0.7160000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ghana","display_name":"Ghana","score":0.7620000243186951}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68387754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7271585","display_name":"Schedule","level":2,"score":0.738540768623352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539828613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178512","display_name":"Public transport","level":2,"score":0.7068475484848022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.6460265517234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5380890369415283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778067643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166507","display_name":"Interval (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.5104259848594666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778022998","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q651136","display_name":"Transit (satellite)","level":3,"score":0.4894508421421051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017552255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4135208","display_name":"Arrival time","level":2,"score":0.46609747409820557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.43691155314445496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.4365784227848053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989104859","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267298","display_name":"Battery capacity","level":4,"score":0.41731879115104675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.3246971666812897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.22948279976844788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.22182047367095947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1668376326560974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555008776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267298","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","level":3,"score":0.13773053884506226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.sciaf.2021.e00749","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2021.e00749","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2021.e00749","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468227621000533/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210198261","display_name":"Scientific African","issn_l":"2468-2276","issn":["2468-2276"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific African","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:38dd4009ae5542cfb4fb8323a6235fa5","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/38dd4009ae5542cfb4fb8323a6235fa5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Scientific African, Vol 12, Iss , Pp e00749- (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"doi:10.60692/d3f3w-ey122","doi":"https://doi.org/10.60692/d3f3w-ey122","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.60692/d3f3w-ey122","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407051682","display_name":"Greater South Information System","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"},{"id":"doi:10.60692/dx16v-mvq95","doi":"https://doi.org/10.60692/dx16v-mvq95","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.60692/dx16v-mvq95","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407051682","display_name":"Greater South Information System","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.sciaf.2021.e00749","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2021.e00749","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2021.e00749","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468227621000533/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210198261","display_name":"Scientific African","issn_l":"2468-2276","issn":["2468-2276"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Scientific African","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.875,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"},{"score":0.6773999929428101,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3136328545.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3136328545.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1952104250","https://openalex.org/W1983613256","https://openalex.org/W2009527558","https://openalex.org/W2034966732","https://openalex.org/W2066023504","https://openalex.org/W2075879914","https://openalex.org/W2076461592","https://openalex.org/W2085181939","https://openalex.org/W2124597594","https://openalex.org/W2134594088","https://openalex.org/W2334826906","https://openalex.org/W2337033248","https://openalex.org/W2586206394","https://openalex.org/W2802328049","https://openalex.org/W2945435568","https://openalex.org/W3049298360","https://openalex.org/W3103575607"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2104568712","https://openalex.org/W1984726410","https://openalex.org/W4376626641","https://openalex.org/W2027559033","https://openalex.org/W658711072","https://openalex.org/W2367802748","https://openalex.org/W2384781530","https://openalex.org/W2381501786","https://openalex.org/W4386494094","https://openalex.org/W2907756872"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"the":[3,17,34,76,109,117,122,135,152,192,202],"random":[4],"departure":[5,30,47,110,119,138,154,196],"of":[6,20,51,65,78,80,171],"intercity":[7],"public":[8],"transport":[9],"buses":[10],"in":[11,211],"Ghana":[12],"which":[13],"is":[14,22,41,49],"influenced":[15],"by":[16],"arrival":[18,63,79,218],"patterns":[19,64,219],"passengers":[21,66],"shaped":[23],"into":[24,71],"a":[25,44,130,188,208,223],"deterministic":[26],"one":[27],"with":[28,148],"regular":[29],"intervals":[31,94,139],"based":[32,74,115,133,200],"on":[33,75,116,134,201],"dynamic":[35],"rate":[36],"leaky":[37],"bucket":[38],"algorithm.":[39],"This":[40],"essential":[42],"because":[43],"regulated":[45],"bus":[46,131,228],"system":[48],"capable":[50],"providing":[52],"transit":[53,167],"information":[54],"to":[55,98,107,173,177],"travellers":[56],"thereby":[57],"reducing":[58],"passenger":[59,157,212,217],"waiting":[60,158,213],"times.":[61,159],"The":[62,82,102,125,144,160,181],"were":[67,95],"simulated":[68],"and":[69,90,121,140,220,227],"grouped":[70],"three":[72,83],"blocks":[73,84],"frequency":[77],"passengers.":[81],"represented":[85],"peak":[86],"seasons,":[87],"moderate":[88],"seasons":[89],"off-peak":[91],"seasons.":[92],"Departure":[93],"then":[96],"calculated":[97],"suit":[99],"each":[100],"block.":[101],"recommended":[103,141,224],"fleet":[104,142,162,176,225],"size":[105,163,226],"required":[106],"maintain":[108],"consistency":[111],"was":[112,185,198],"also":[113,165,221],"determined":[114,136],"fixed":[118,137,153,195],"interval":[120],"round-trip":[123],"time.":[124],"second":[126],"phase":[127],"involved":[128],"developing":[129],"schedule":[132,155,197],"size.":[143],"results":[145,206],"as":[146,187],"depicted":[147],"graphs":[149],"showed":[150,207],"that":[151],"reduced":[156],"minimum":[161],"could":[164],"give":[166],"operators":[168],"an":[169],"idea":[170],"how":[172],"manage":[174],"their":[175],"efficiently":[178],"use":[179],"resources.":[180],"KNUST":[182],"Campus":[183],"shuttle":[184],"used":[186],"test":[189],"case":[190],"for":[191,215],"model.":[193,204],"A":[194],"developed":[199],"proposed":[203,222],"Simulation":[205],"significant":[209],"reduction":[210],"times":[214],"various":[216],"capacity.":[229]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2021-03-29T00:00:00"}
