{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3135863609","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052501","title":"Perceived Safety and Pedestrian Performance in Pedestrian Priority Streets (PPSs) in Seoul, Korea: A Virtual Reality Experiment and Trace Mapping","display_name":"Perceived Safety and Pedestrian Performance in Pedestrian Priority Streets (PPSs) in Seoul, Korea: A Virtual Reality Experiment and Trace Mapping","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-03-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3135863609","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052501","mag":"3135863609","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33802511","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7967633"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijerph18052501","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052501","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052501","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/5/2501/pdf?version=1614920639","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S15239247","display_name":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health","issn_l":"1660-4601","issn":["1660-4601","1661-7827"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","medline","norway-1","poland-20","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/5/2501/pdf?version=1614920639","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060599109","display_name":"Haeryung Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8598-7953","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8598-7953"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405258532","display_name":"Architecture & Urban Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/00v7npr30","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405258532"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haeryung Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Architecture & Urban Research Institute, Sejong 30103, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8598-7953","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Architecture & Urban Research Institute, Sejong 30103, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405258532"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001084125","display_name":"Seung-Nam Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3577-1000","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3577-1000"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67900169","display_name":"Chung-Ang University","ror":"https://ror.org/01r024a98","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67900169"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Seung-Nam Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Urban Design and Studies, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3577-1000","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Urban Design and Studies, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67900169"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5001084125"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67900169"],"apc_list":{"value":2300,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2484},"apc_paid":{"value":2300,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2484},"fwci":4.0913,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":34,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93557272,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"5","first_page":"2501","last_page":"2501"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10370","display_name":"Traffic and Road Safety","score":0.8804000020027161,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10370","display_name":"Traffic and Road Safety","score":0.8804000020027161,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10298","display_name":"Urban Transport and Accessibility","score":0.08139999955892563,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11500","display_name":"Evacuation and Crowd Dynamics","score":0.02070000022649765,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perceived-safety","display_name":"perceived safety","score":0.8130000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pedestrian-behavior","display_name":"pedestrian behavior","score":0.8050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shared-spaces","display_name":"shared spaces","score":0.8009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/road-surface-design","display_name":"road surface design","score":0.7070000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/free-walking","display_name":"free walking","score":0.6449999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-reality","display_name":"virtual reality","score":0.7229999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pedestrian-friendly-streets","display_name":"pedestrian-friendly streets","score":0.5299999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/seoul","display_name":"Seoul","score":0.6079999804496765}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777113093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221488","display_name":"Pedestrian","level":2,"score":0.9242568016052246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146508145","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1046315","display_name":"Level design","level":3,"score":0.6048833727836609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.5881133675575256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776654903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2601463","display_name":"SAFER","level":2,"score":0.5777164101600647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.485344797372818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.4771922826766968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75291252","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1315756","display_name":"TRACE (psycholinguistics)","level":2,"score":0.472870796918869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.27064454555511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.21868616342544556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.1668020784854889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.16287395358085632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C503285160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858057","display_name":"Game design","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000063","descriptor_name":"Accidents, Traffic","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069636","descriptor_name":"Pedestrians","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000076142","descriptor_name":"Virtual Reality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012449","descriptor_name":"Safety","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016138","descriptor_name":"Walking","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D056910","descriptor_name":"Republic of Korea","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D066106","descriptor_name":"Seoul","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijerph18052501","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052501","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052501","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/5/2501/pdf?version=1614920639","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S15239247","display_name":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health","issn_l":"1660-4601","issn":["1660-4601","1661-7827"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","medline","norway-1","poland-20","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33802511","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33802511","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International journal of environmental research and public health","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7967633","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7967633/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Int J Environ Res Public Health","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:5:p:2501-:d:509732","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/5/2501/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5b87efd64cd545c5b8b7a779c1d1bcff","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5b87efd64cd545c5b8b7a779c1d1bcff","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol 18, Iss 2501, p 2501 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijerph18052501","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052501","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052501","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/5/2501/pdf?version=1614920639","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S15239247","display_name":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health","issn_l":"1660-4601","issn":["1660-4601","1661-7827"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","medline","norway-1","poland-20","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"},{"score":0.46810001134872437,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322010","display_name":"Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport","ror":"https://ror.org/04xt5aa77"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3135863609.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3135863609.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1559689324","https://openalex.org/W2015833863","https://openalex.org/W2019311180","https://openalex.org/W2032395805","https://openalex.org/W2064550309","https://openalex.org/W2089113818","https://openalex.org/W2155820895","https://openalex.org/W2218676001","https://openalex.org/W2313569764","https://openalex.org/W2322378501","https://openalex.org/W2394692913","https://openalex.org/W2592753892","https://openalex.org/W2724272700","https://openalex.org/W2790858749","https://openalex.org/W2804365630","https://openalex.org/W2912664058","https://openalex.org/W2922255263","https://openalex.org/W2970681076","https://openalex.org/W2970803237","https://openalex.org/W2989448333","https://openalex.org/W2989985838","https://openalex.org/W3021522679","https://openalex.org/W3022035647","https://openalex.org/W3040787799","https://openalex.org/W3088514172","https://openalex.org/W3104595210","https://openalex.org/W3119616628","https://openalex.org/W3120826831","https://openalex.org/W4239264255"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2970681076","https://openalex.org/W2672793913","https://openalex.org/W4224071542","https://openalex.org/W2015833863","https://openalex.org/W4416270064","https://openalex.org/W4306321521","https://openalex.org/W3166260176","https://openalex.org/W2975528116","https://openalex.org/W4327675665","https://openalex.org/W2783772219"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Pedestrian":[0],"Priority":[1],"Street":[2],"(PPS)":[3],"project,":[4,71],"launched":[5],"to":[6,32,48,119,198,200],"encourage":[7],"safer":[8],"and":[9,44,46,78,92,110,192],"more":[10,146],"convenient":[11],"walking":[12],"by":[13,82],"improving":[14],"the":[15,33,54,64,69,116,121,143,149,164,174,179],"inferior":[16],"pedestrian":[17,161,191],"environment":[18],"on":[19,26,57,115],"narrow":[20],"streets":[21],"without":[22],"sidewalks,":[23],"is":[24],"based":[25,114],"Monderman's":[27],"shared":[28,34],"space":[29,35],"concept.":[30],"Similar":[31],"approach,":[36],"PPS":[37,70],"aims":[38],"for":[39],"mutual":[40],"consideration":[41],"between":[42,190],"pedestrians":[43,130,144],"drivers":[45],"strives":[47],"create":[49],"a":[50,58,160,188],"pedestrian-friendly":[51],"environment,":[52],"but":[53],"project":[55],"relies":[56],"unique":[59],"road":[60],"surface":[61],"design.":[62,154],"Considering":[63],"two":[65],"main":[66],"goals":[67],"of":[68,123,182],"this":[72],"study":[73],"investigated":[74],"how":[75],"subjective":[76],"safety":[77,87,133],"pedestrians'":[79],"movements":[80],"differed":[81],"design":[83,180],"types.":[84],"To":[85],"analyze":[86],"perception,":[88],"ordered":[89],"Logit":[90],"regression":[91],"post-hoc":[93],"interviews":[94],"were":[95,112],"conducted":[96],"with":[97,151],"visual":[98],"assessment":[99],"survey":[100],"using":[101],"recorded":[102],"VR":[103],"(virtual":[104],"reality)":[105],"videos.":[106],"Next,":[107],"trace":[108],"mapping":[109],"analysis":[111],"performed":[113],"video":[117],"recordings":[118],"measure":[120],"degree":[122],"free":[124],"walking.":[125],"The":[126],"results":[127],"found":[128],"that":[129],"perceived":[131],"higher":[132],"level":[134],"in":[135,138,148,171,203],"PPSs":[136],"than":[137],"general":[139,175],"back":[140,176],"road.":[141],"Further,":[142],"moved":[145],"freely":[147],"street":[150],"an":[152],"integrated":[153],"In":[155],"other":[156],"types,":[157],"which":[158,184],"suggested":[159],"zone":[162],"at":[163],"roadside,":[165],"there":[166],"was":[167],"not":[168,186],"much":[169],"difference":[170],"behavior":[172],"from":[173],"roads.":[177],"Thus,":[178],"principle":[181],"PPS,":[183],"does":[185],"set":[187],"boundary":[189],"vehicle":[193],"area,":[194],"should":[195],"be":[196],"observed":[197],"lead":[199],"behavioral":[201],"changes":[202],"pedestrians.":[204]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2021-03-15T00:00:00"}