{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3135822118","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08820538.2021.1890151","title":"Machine Learning Applications in Pediatric Ophthalmology","display_name":"Machine Learning Applications in Pediatric Ophthalmology","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-02-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3135822118","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08820538.2021.1890151","mag":"3135822118","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33641598"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/08820538.2021.1890151","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08820538.2021.1890151","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08820538.2021.1890151","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S118649763","display_name":"Seminars in Ophthalmology","issn_l":"0882-0538","issn":["0882-0538","1744-5205"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Seminars in Ophthalmology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055573377","display_name":"Isdin Oke","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6596-3284","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6596-3284"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1288882113","display_name":"Boston Children's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00dvg7y05","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1288882113"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Isdin Oke","raw_affiliation_strings":["Boston Children\u2019s Hospital","Harvard Medical School","Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA","Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Boston Children\u2019s Hospital","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288882113"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard Medical School","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288882113"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051938235","display_name":"Deborah K. VanderVeen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8649-0922","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8649-0922"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1288882113","display_name":"Boston Children's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00dvg7y05","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1288882113"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deborah VanderVeen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Boston Children\u2019s Hospital","Harvard Medical School","Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA","Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Boston Children\u2019s Hospital","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288882113"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard Medical School","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288882113"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5055573377"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288882113","https://openalex.org/I136199984"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.368,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.32871584,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"36","issue":"4","first_page":"210","last_page":"217"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":0.6478999853134155,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":0.6478999853134155,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.1420000046491623,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14384","display_name":"Ophthalmology and Visual Health Research","score":0.07339999824762344,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"machine learning","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pediatric-ophthalmology","display_name":"pediatric ophthalmology","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retinopathy-of-prematurity","display_name":"retinopathy of prematurity","score":0.9380000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amblyopia","display_name":"amblyopia","score":0.8679999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pediatric-cataract","display_name":"pediatric cataract","score":0.9399999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/strabismus","display_name":"strabismus","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-development","display_name":"visual development","score":0.8690000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automated-diagnosis","display_name":"automated diagnosis","score":0.7020000219345093}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778695240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7159228","display_name":"Pediatric ophthalmology","level":3,"score":0.858193039894104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.8300917744636536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780642338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7632042","display_name":"Subspecialty","level":2,"score":0.8081559538841248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779918416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423087","display_name":"Retinopathy of prematurity","level":4,"score":0.7292202711105347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776864138","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7620839","display_name":"Strabismus","level":2,"score":0.6473972797393799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780225610","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127724","display_name":"Cataracts","level":2,"score":0.6086167693138123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119767625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618211","display_name":"Optometry","level":1,"score":0.5515452027320862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118487528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161437","display_name":"Ophthalmology","level":1,"score":0.446962833404541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19527891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120908","display_name":"Medical physics","level":1,"score":0.3516739010810852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C512399662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3505712","display_name":"Family medicine","level":1,"score":0.1294175684452057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778376644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2253111","display_name":"Gestational age","level":3,"score":0.09125444293022156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779234561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11995","display_name":"Pregnancy","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007231","descriptor_name":"Infant, Newborn","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009885","descriptor_name":"Ophthalmology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012164","descriptor_name":"Retinal Diseases","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/08820538.2021.1890151","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08820538.2021.1890151","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/08820538.2021.1890151","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S118649763","display_name":"Seminars in Ophthalmology","issn_l":"0882-0538","issn":["0882-0538","1744-5205"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Seminars in Ophthalmology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33641598","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33641598","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Seminars in ophthalmology","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9391000270843506,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":95,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W121805138","https://openalex.org/W1900370044","https://openalex.org/W1902931095","https://openalex.org/W1974770921","https://openalex.org/W1991453802","https://openalex.org/W1995426767","https://openalex.org/W1998633852","https://openalex.org/W2010200678","https://openalex.org/W2010784016","https://openalex.org/W2017052783","https://openalex.org/W2017262302","https://openalex.org/W2043186051","https://openalex.org/W2052110460","https://openalex.org/W2063127798","https://openalex.org/W2074306573","https://openalex.org/W2082092003","https://openalex.org/W2082329550","https://openalex.org/W2117539524","https://openalex.org/W2128933596","https://openalex.org/W2129065850","https://openalex.org/W2146099945","https://openalex.org/W2157825442","https://openalex.org/W2161309202","https://openalex.org/W2263395847","https://openalex.org/W2285010213","https://openalex.org/W2397616787","https://openalex.org/W2413346566","https://openalex.org/W2463187181","https://openalex.org/W2513337309","https://openalex.org/W2546745584","https://openalex.org/W2571352166","https://openalex.org/W2582088709","https://openalex.org/W2582821003","https://openalex.org/W2596556980","https://openalex.org/W2609106851","https://openalex.org/W2620558441","https://openalex.org/W2736672248","https://openalex.org/W2769422756","https://openalex.org/W2769758779","https://openalex.org/W2773604799","https://openalex.org/W2778027947","https://openalex.org/W2789955061","https://openalex.org/W2790299667","https://openalex.org/W2797763839","https://openalex.org/W2800012666","https://openalex.org/W2801353795","https://openalex.org/W2803277259","https://openalex.org/W2806424800","https://openalex.org/W2887277944","https://openalex.org/W2888933418","https://openalex.org/W2891346832","https://openalex.org/W2895763047","https://openalex.org/W2897222461","https://openalex.org/W2900266642","https://openalex.org/W2901350546","https://openalex.org/W2908170048","https://openalex.org/W2912621766","https://openalex.org/W2913323756","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2921083143","https://openalex.org/W2922217454","https://openalex.org/W2922454561","https://openalex.org/W2939101127","https://openalex.org/W2942760134","https://openalex.org/W2943640801","https://openalex.org/W2943981724","https://openalex.org/W2944353739","https://openalex.org/W2948455561","https://openalex.org/W2955174692","https://openalex.org/W2979721925","https://openalex.org/W2990460508","https://openalex.org/W2998408975","https://openalex.org/W3001006670","https://openalex.org/W3006292513","https://openalex.org/W3006961624","https://openalex.org/W3007187104","https://openalex.org/W3012028988","https://openalex.org/W3012223634","https://openalex.org/W3013786808","https://openalex.org/W3013901951","https://openalex.org/W3016459716","https://openalex.org/W3021957243","https://openalex.org/W3027657409","https://openalex.org/W3036096109","https://openalex.org/W3037120054","https://openalex.org/W3037375968","https://openalex.org/W3038075370","https://openalex.org/W3046885985","https://openalex.org/W3048540441","https://openalex.org/W3082346518","https://openalex.org/W3083027974","https://openalex.org/W3093835736","https://openalex.org/W3103817386","https://openalex.org/W4237921673","https://openalex.org/W4288604965"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2939101127","https://openalex.org/W4210325617","https://openalex.org/W4404504470","https://openalex.org/W4405492654","https://openalex.org/W3118941990","https://openalex.org/W2971211885","https://openalex.org/W4410338123","https://openalex.org/W2902099052","https://openalex.org/W3108447478","https://openalex.org/W7081911515"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Purpose:":[0],"To":[1],"describe":[2],"emerging":[3],"applications":[4,45],"of":[5,20,28,48,62,78],"machine":[6],"learning":[7],"(ML)":[8],"in":[9,35,46,59],"pediatric":[10,36,67,85],"ophthalmology":[11],"with":[12],"an":[13],"emphasis":[14],"on":[15],"the":[16,41,60,79,91,97],"diagnosis":[17,61],"and":[18,70],"treatment":[19],"disorders":[21],"affecting":[22],"visual":[23],"development.":[24],"Methods:":[25],"Literature":[26],"review":[27],"studies":[29],"applying":[30],"ML":[31,42,57,82],"algorithms":[32],"to":[33,55,89,93],"problems":[34],"ophthalmology.":[37],"Results:":[38],"At":[39],"present,":[40],"literature":[43],"emphasizes":[44],"retinopathy":[47],"prematurity.":[49],"However,":[50],"there":[51],"are":[52],"increasing":[53],"efforts":[54],"apply":[56,90],"techniques":[58],"amblyogenic":[63],"conditions":[64],"such":[65],"as":[66],"cataracts,":[68],"strabismus,":[69],"high":[71],"refractive":[72],"error.":[73],"Conclusions:":[74],"A":[75],"greater":[76],"understanding":[77],"principles":[80],"governing":[81],"will":[83],"enable":[84],"eye":[86],"care":[87],"providers":[88],"methodology":[92],"unexplored":[94],"challenges":[95],"within":[96],"subspecialty.":[98]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2021-03-15T00:00:00"}