{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3135424776","doi":null,"title":"Unraveling the Relationship between Education and Health: Genetic Controls, Heterogeneity across Sociodemographic Groups, and Variation across Biomarkers of Health Risk","display_name":"Unraveling the Relationship between Education and Health: Genetic Controls, Heterogeneity across Sociodemographic Groups, and Variation across Biomarkers of Health Risk","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-09-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3135424776","mag":"3135424776"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:dash.harvard.edu:1/42013161","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:42013161","pdf_url":"http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:42013161","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401540","display_name":"Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","host_organization_name":"Harvard University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Thesis or Dissertation"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:42013161","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074261227","display_name":"Meghan L. Zacher","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6635-3560","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6635-3560"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Meghan Zacher","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6635-3560","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5074261227"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10235","display_name":"Health disparities and outcomes","score":0.8740000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3306","display_name":"Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10235","display_name":"Health disparities and outcomes","score":0.8740000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3306","display_name":"Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12088","display_name":"Intergenerational and Educational Inequality Studies","score":0.09399999678134918,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10261","display_name":"Genetic Associations and Epidemiology","score":0.010499999858438969,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-and-education","display_name":"education and health","score":0.8640000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polygenic-risk-score","display_name":"polygenic risk score","score":0.8510000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confounding","display_name":"confounding","score":0.5950000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/effect-heterogeneity","display_name":"heterogeneous effects","score":0.9089999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intersectionality","display_name":"intersectionality","score":0.8069999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/socioeconomic-status","display_name":"socioeconomic status","score":0.7210000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/race","display_name":"race","score":0.7070000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender","display_name":"gender","score":0.8330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/older-adults","display_name":"older adults","score":0.6309999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-reported-health","display_name":"self-reported health","score":0.7730000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mortality","display_name":"mortality","score":0.9800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetes-risk","display_name":"diabetes risk","score":0.4830000102519989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-decline","display_name":"cognitive decline","score":0.31299999356269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-attainment","display_name":"educational attainment","score":0.3930000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-and-retirement-study","display_name":"Health and Retirement Study","score":0.7490000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wisconsin-longitudinal-study","display_name":"Wisconsin Longitudinal Study","score":0.9990000128746033}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778334786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1586270","display_name":"Variation (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.6396287679672241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68873052","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q349856","display_name":"Genetic variation","level":3,"score":0.5844178199768066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.38229119777679443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.3585173487663269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3533393144607544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.3399866223335266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.33475422859191895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.13384810090065002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44870925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547","display_name":"Astrophysics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:dash.harvard.edu:1/42013161","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:42013161","pdf_url":"http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:42013161","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401540","display_name":"Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","host_organization_name":"Harvard University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Thesis or Dissertation"},{"id":"mag:3135424776","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/42013161","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:dash.harvard.edu:1/42013161","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:42013161","pdf_url":"http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:42013161","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401540","display_name":"Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","host_organization_name":"Harvard University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Thesis or Dissertation"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8560000061988831,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"},{"score":0.5385000109672546,"display_name":"Quality education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"},{"score":0.4000000059604645,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3135424776.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3135424776.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4411690189","https://openalex.org/W3132079701","https://openalex.org/W3194592194","https://openalex.org/W4387805442","https://openalex.org/W3158101385","https://openalex.org/W1980752708","https://openalex.org/W7112956514","https://openalex.org/W2983315387","https://openalex.org/W4220875562","https://openalex.org/W2364489477"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Despite":[0],"decades":[1],"of":[2,14,42,62,67,95,102,119,125,127,167,181,202,231,236,243,296,309,330,332,359,395,408,431,469,478,543,558,568],"research":[3],"demonstrating":[4],"better":[5],"health":[6,17,83,224,246,336,363,383,392,410,432,559],"among":[7,84,350,375,397],"the":[8,11,40,78,88,93,131,137,144,154,158,195,203,218,241,262,307,328,348,354,357,388,402,405,414,422,466,470,507,565],"higher":[9],"educated,":[10],"causal":[12],"effect":[13,49],"education":[15,81,161,196,222,244,360],"on":[16,122,300,511,556],"is":[18,22,109,171,225,282,337,346,366,527,562],"still":[19],"debated.":[20],"This":[21,281],"due":[23],"in":[24,30,45,58,87,278,294,312,391,429,465,493,571],"part":[25],"to":[26,75,136,173,227,286,291,424,456,475],"mixed":[27],"evidence":[28],"obtained":[29,175],"quasi-experimental":[31],"work.":[32,280],"These":[33,538],"puzzling":[34],"patterns":[35],"could":[36,463],"be":[37,209,446,454,464],"explained":[38],"by":[39,48,56,252,531],"influence":[41],"uncontrolled":[43],"confounders":[44,201],"observational":[46],"research,":[47],"heterogeneity":[50],"across":[51,60,130,248,435],"individuals":[52],"or":[53,55,522],"environments,":[54],"variation":[57],"effects":[59],"manifestations":[61],"health.":[63,164,190],"The":[64,165],"empirical":[65,416],"chapters":[66],"this":[68,228,345,462,486],"dissertation":[69],"draw":[70],"motivation":[71],"from":[72,261,341,353,377,421],"these":[73],"observations":[74],"further":[76],"unravel":[77],"relationship":[79,220],"between":[80,160,221,315],"and":[82,139,143,162,188,223,257,318,364,384,411,476,496,514,545],"older":[85],"adults":[86],"United":[89],"States.\\nFirst,":[90],"I":[91,149,169,238,267,325,386,418,488],"assess":[92,425],"utility":[94],"a":[96,100,112,269,536],"novel":[97],"control":[98],"variable:":[99],"measure":[101,230],"genetic":[103,128,232],"selection":[104,108,233],"into":[105,234],"education.":[106],"Genetic":[107],"operationalized":[110],"using":[111,212,259],"polygenic":[113],"score":[114],"(PGS)":[115],"that":[116,151,174,194,206,314,327,442,490,526],"predicts":[117],"years":[118,235,331],"schooling":[120,333,396],"based":[121],"many":[123,460],"hundreds":[124],"thousands":[126],"variants":[129],"genome.":[132],"Among":[133],"European-ancestry":[134],"respondents":[135],"Health":[138],"Retirement":[140],"Study":[141,147],"(HRS)":[142],"Wisconsin":[145],"Longitudinal":[146],"(WLS),":[148],"find":[150,326,387,489],"controlling":[152,177],"for":[153,179,339,368,371,553],"PGS":[155,197],"significantly":[156],"attenuates":[157],"association":[159,242,329,358],"later":[163],"level":[166],"attenuation":[168],"observe":[170],"comparable":[172],"when":[176],"instead":[178],"measures":[180,214,570],"other":[182,355],"known":[183],"confounders,":[184],"including":[185],"family":[186],"background":[187],"childhood":[189],"Additional":[191],"results":[192,539],"suggest":[193],"reflects":[198],"more":[199,270],"proximal":[200],"education-health":[204],"link":[205],"may":[207,298,481],"not":[208,528,533,541],"adequately":[210],"controlled":[211],"survey":[213],"alone.":[215],"Crucially,":[216],"however,":[217,344],"positive":[219],"robust":[226],"particular":[229],"schooling.\\nNext,":[237],"evaluate":[239],"whether":[240,426],"with":[245,322,334,361,404,485],"varies":[247],"sociodemographic":[249,302],"groups":[250],"defined":[251],"socioeconomic":[253],"(SES)":[254],"origin,":[255],"race,":[256],"gender":[258],"data":[260,420],"HRS.":[263],"In":[264,320],"so":[265],"doing,":[266],"take":[268],"complex":[271],"intersectional":[272],"perspective":[273],"than":[274,370],"has":[275],"been":[276],"used":[277],"prior":[279,323],"important,":[283],"as":[284],"exposure":[285],"discrimination,":[287],"which":[288,561],"shapes":[289],"opportunities":[290],"use":[292,419],"resources":[293,450],"support":[295],"health,":[297],"depend":[299],"multiple":[301],"characteristics":[303],"simultaneously.":[304],"Results":[305],"underscore":[306],"importance":[308],"one":[310],"intersection":[311],"particular:":[313],"SES":[316],"origin":[317,399],"race.":[319],"line":[321],"work,":[324],"self-reported":[335,362,382],"stronger":[338],"those":[340,376],"low-SES":[342,378,398],"backgrounds;":[343],"only":[347,542],"case":[349],"whites.":[351],"Seen":[352],"angle,":[356],"mortality":[365,412,515],"weaker":[367],"blacks":[369],"whites,":[372],"but":[373],"primarily":[374],"origins.":[379],"For":[380,459],"both":[381],"mortality,":[385],"smallest":[389],"gain":[390],"per":[393],"year":[394],"black":[400],"men,":[401],"group":[403],"highest":[406],"risk":[407,433],"poor":[409],"overall.\\nIn":[413],"final":[415],"chapter,":[417],"HRS":[423],"educational":[427,491],"disparities":[428,444,492],"biomarkers":[430,557],"vary":[434],"their":[436,502],"distributions.":[437],"Fundamental":[438],"cause":[439],"theory":[440],"implies":[441],"such":[443,535,569],"will":[445],"largest":[447,500],"where":[448,472,509],"related":[449],"can":[451],"most":[452],"successfully":[453],"leveraged":[455],"improve":[457],"outcomes.":[458],"biomarkers,":[461],"unhealthy":[467],"tail":[468],"distribution,":[471],"unequal":[473],"access":[474],"efficacy":[477],"medical":[479],"interventions":[480],"exacerbate":[482],"disparities.":[483],"Consistent":[484],"theory,":[487],"blood":[494,497],"sugar":[495],"pressure":[498],"are":[499,516,540],"at":[501],"least":[503],"healthy":[504],"levels,":[505],"precisely":[506],"points":[508],"impacts":[510],"subsequent":[512],"morbidity":[513],"greatest.":[517],"Meanwhile,":[518],"high-density":[519],"lipoprotein":[520],"(HDL)":[521],"\u201cgood\u201d":[523],"cholesterol\u2014a":[524],"biomarker":[525],"regularly":[529],"targeted":[530],"medication\u2014does":[532],"display":[534],"pattern.":[537],"theoretical":[544],"substantive":[546],"interest;":[547],"they":[548],"also":[549],"provide":[550],"methodological":[551],"guidance":[552],"future":[554],"work":[555],"risk,":[560],"timely":[563],"given":[564],"recent":[566],"proliferation":[567],"social":[572],"science":[573],"datasets.":[574]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-09-22T06:50:58.402377","created_date":"2021-03-15T00:00:00"}