{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3134871981","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1094/1/012073","title":"Numerical Modelling of Laminar Forced Convection in a Variable Cross-Section Circular Pipe","display_name":"Numerical Modelling of Laminar Forced Convection in a Variable Cross-Section Circular Pipe","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3134871981","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1094/1/012073","mag":"3134871981"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1088/1757-899x/1094/1/012073","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1094/1/012073","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1094/1/012073","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/1094/1/012073/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210189194","display_name":"IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering","issn_l":"1757-8981","issn":["1757-8981","1757-899X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["jufo-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"conference"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W3134871981"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"conference-paper","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/1094/1/012073/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085015458","display_name":"Sahib Shihab Ahmed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3268-4550","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3268-4550"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47229656","display_name":"University of Kufa","ror":"https://ror.org/02dwrdh81","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47229656"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sahib Shihab Ahmed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Kufa, Iraq"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Kufa, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47229656"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035853311","display_name":"Mensour Almadhhachi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3944-2872","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3944-2872"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47229656","display_name":"University of Kufa","ror":"https://ror.org/02dwrdh81","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47229656"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mensour S Almadhhachi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Kufa, Iraq"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Kufa, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47229656"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015138303","display_name":"Nabeel Abdulhadi Ghyadh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7293-3473","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7293-3473"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47229656","display_name":"University of Kufa","ror":"https://ror.org/02dwrdh81","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47229656"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nabeel Abdulhadi Ghyadh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Kufa, Iraq"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Kufa, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47229656"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5085015458"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47229656"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3391,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72517152,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":"1094","issue":"1","first_page":"012073","last_page":"012073"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10998","display_name":"Heat Transfer and Optimization","score":0.7821999788284302,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10998","display_name":"Heat Transfer and Optimization","score":0.7821999788284302,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13116","display_name":"Heat Transfer and Numerical Methods","score":0.13680000603199005,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11945","display_name":"Heat Transfer Mechanisms","score":0.05889999866485596,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laminar-forced-convection","display_name":"laminar forced convection","score":0.9800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variable-cross-section-pipes","display_name":"variable cross-section pipe","score":0.9539999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conjugate-heat-transfer","display_name":"conjugate heat transfer","score":0.9509999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/uniform-heat-flux","display_name":"constant heat flux","score":0.7459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pressure-drop","display_name":"pressure drop","score":0.8610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermal-hydraulic-performance","display_name":"thermal-hydraulic performance","score":0.9120000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heat-transfer-coefficient","display_name":"heat transfer coefficient","score":0.8539999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/divergence-angle","display_name":"divergence angle","score":0.8309999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reynolds-number-effects","display_name":"Reynolds number effects","score":0.7720000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shah-correlation","display_name":"Shah correlation","score":0.6079999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-flow","display_name":"water flow","score":0.6499999761581421}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72687893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815306","display_name":"Prandtl number","level":3,"score":0.6592378616333008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114088122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1261069","display_name":"Pressure drop","level":2,"score":0.647038459777832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57879066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217","display_name":"Mechanics","level":1,"score":0.6462027430534363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182748727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178932","display_name":"Reynolds number","level":3,"score":0.5960894823074341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24561367","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909313","display_name":"Forced convection","level":3,"score":0.5908651947975159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76563973","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189452","display_name":"Laminar flow","level":2,"score":0.5899389982223511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.5734250545501709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29700514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q634340","display_name":"Heat transfer coefficient","level":3,"score":0.5311191082000732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50517652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179635","display_name":"Heat transfer","level":2,"score":0.5277009010314941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.49756744503974915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41231900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918227","display_name":"Convective heat transfer","level":3,"score":0.4191294312477112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159188206","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1478382","display_name":"Heat flux","level":3,"score":0.4184093475341797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.26773038506507874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196558001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190132","display_name":"Turbulence","level":2,"score":0.19697323441505432}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1088/1757-899x/1094/1/012073","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1094/1/012073","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1094/1/012073","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/1094/1/012073/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210189194","display_name":"IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering","issn_l":"1757-8981","issn":["1757-8981","1757-899X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["jufo-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"conference"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1088/1757-899x/1094/1/012073","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1094/1/012073","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1094/1/012073","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/1094/1/012073/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210189194","display_name":"IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering","issn_l":"1757-8981","issn":["1757-8981","1757-899X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["jufo-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"conference"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3134871981.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3134871981.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W292851172","https://openalex.org/W2023385555","https://openalex.org/W2033957891","https://openalex.org/W2100254710","https://openalex.org/W2163265831","https://openalex.org/W2776987251","https://openalex.org/W2950056575","https://openalex.org/W2965757481","https://openalex.org/W2990161250"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2040608125","https://openalex.org/W3163453122","https://openalex.org/W2758173498","https://openalex.org/W2013473858","https://openalex.org/W6991027560","https://openalex.org/W2965757481","https://openalex.org/W2343366146","https://openalex.org/W2238760722","https://openalex.org/W2975610883","https://openalex.org/W2089039645"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"A":[1],"study":[2],"of":[3,66,85,96,119],"three":[4],"dimensional":[5],"laminar":[6],"forced":[7],"convection":[8,94],"with":[9,20,137],"conjugated":[10],"heat":[11,36,72,97],"transfer":[12,73,98],"for":[13,146],"water":[14],"flowing":[15],"inside":[16],"a":[17,64,138],"circular":[18],"pipe":[19],"variable":[21],"cross-section":[22],"area":[23],"has":[24],"been":[25],"numerically":[26],"conducted.":[27],"The":[28,83,113],"thermal":[29],"performance":[30,107],"and":[31,59,77,88,104,111,158],"pressure":[32,102,140],"drop":[33,100,141],"under":[34],"constant":[35],"flux":[37],"are":[38,109],"also":[39],"estimated.":[40],"In":[41],"this":[42],"paper,":[43],"using":[44],"FLUENT":[45],"ANSYS,":[46],"the":[47,56,93,105,117,120,124,129,149,153,159],"finite":[48],"volume":[49],"method":[50],"(FVM)":[51],"is":[52,133,156],"used":[53],"to":[54,81,128],"evaluate":[55],"continuity,":[57],"momentum,":[58],"energy":[60],"governing":[61],"equations.":[62],"For":[63],"range":[65],"Reynolds":[67,86],"numbers":[68],"less":[69],"than":[70],"2000,":[71],"rates":[74],"were":[75],"computed,":[76],"Prandtl":[78],"number":[79,87],"equal":[80],"3.7.":[82],"effects":[84],"divergent":[89,121],"angles":[90],"(ratio)":[91],"on":[92],"coefficient":[95],"(h)":[99],"in":[101],"(\u0394P),":[103],"thermal-hydraulic":[106,125],"(\u03b7)":[108],"analyzed":[110],"discussed.":[112],"results":[114,160],"showed":[115,161],"that":[116],"use":[118],"ratio":[122],"increases":[123],"performance.":[126],"Compared":[127],"uniform":[130],"pipe,":[131],"it":[132],"increased":[134],"by":[135,143],"23%":[136],"maximum":[139],"decrease":[142],"about":[144],"240%":[145],"ratio=1.8.":[147],"With":[148],"empirical":[150],"Shah":[151],"equation,":[152],"current":[154],"model":[155],"validated,":[157],"excellent":[162],"agreement.":[163]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2021-03-15T00:00:00"}
