{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3134631010","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18844/cjes.v16i1.5531","title":"Understanding learning outcomes: Comparing the effect of spacing instruction versus massed instruction","display_name":"Understanding learning outcomes: Comparing the effect of spacing instruction versus massed instruction","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-02-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3134631010","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18844/cjes.v16i1.5531","mag":"3134631010"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.18844/cjes.v16i1.5531","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18844/cjes.v16i1.5531","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18844/cjes.v16i1.5531","pdf_url":"https://un-pub.eu/ojs/index.php/cjes/article/download/5531/5005","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2739369835","display_name":"Cypriot Journal of Educational Sciences","issn_l":"1305-905X","issn":["1305-905X","1305-9076"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["poland-20","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310314840","host_organization_name":"SciencePark Science, Organization and Counseling LTD","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310314840"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SciencePark Science, Organization and Counseling LTD"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cypriot Journal of Educational Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://un-pub.eu/ojs/index.php/cjes/article/download/5531/5005","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001957351","display_name":"Anwar Sewang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9616-5181","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9616-5181"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405267755","display_name":"Sekolah Tinggi Agama Islam Negeri Majene","ror":"https://ror.org/046m1hn13","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405267755"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Anwar Sewang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Education and Teaching Training Department of Majene State Islamic College, West Sulawesi, Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9616-5181","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Education and Teaching Training Department of Majene State Islamic College, West Sulawesi, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405267755"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5001957351"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405267755"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"1","first_page":"328","last_page":"340"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11516","display_name":"Visual and Cognitive Learning Processes","score":0.27320000529289246,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11516","display_name":"Visual and Cognitive Learning Processes","score":0.27320000529289246,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10918","display_name":"Memory Processes and Influences","score":0.2070000022649765,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14301","display_name":"Educational methodologies and cognitive development","score":0.10779999941587448,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spacing-effect","display_name":"spacing effect","score":0.8180000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spaced-learning","display_name":"spaced learning","score":0.597000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learning-outcomes","display_name":"learning outcomes","score":0.828000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/islamic-education","display_name":"Islamic education","score":0.6269999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pedagogical-students","display_name":"pedagogy students","score":0.5329999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/instructional-scheduling","display_name":"instructional scheduling","score":0.4659999907016754}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.5910309553146362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5087633728981018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88610354","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1813494","display_name":"Teaching method","level":2,"score":0.4119326174259186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4005052447319031}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.18844/cjes.v16i1.5531","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18844/cjes.v16i1.5531","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18844/cjes.v16i1.5531","pdf_url":"https://un-pub.eu/ojs/index.php/cjes/article/download/5531/5005","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2739369835","display_name":"Cypriot Journal of Educational Sciences","issn_l":"1305-905X","issn":["1305-905X","1305-9076"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["poland-20","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310314840","host_organization_name":"SciencePark Science, Organization and Counseling LTD","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310314840"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SciencePark Science, Organization and Counseling LTD"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cypriot Journal of Educational Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.18844/cjes.v16i1.5531","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18844/cjes.v16i1.5531","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18844/cjes.v16i1.5531","pdf_url":"https://un-pub.eu/ojs/index.php/cjes/article/download/5531/5005","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2739369835","display_name":"Cypriot Journal of Educational Sciences","issn_l":"1305-905X","issn":["1305-905X","1305-9076"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["poland-20","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310314840","host_organization_name":"SciencePark Science, Organization and Counseling LTD","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310314840"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SciencePark Science, Organization and Counseling LTD"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cypriot Journal of Educational Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.9901999831199646,"display_name":"Quality education"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/clinical-trial","display_name":"Clinical Trial"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3134631010.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3134631010.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W42435208","https://openalex.org/W606809714","https://openalex.org/W1512872257","https://openalex.org/W1739779199","https://openalex.org/W1968820145","https://openalex.org/W1994897628","https://openalex.org/W1995654191","https://openalex.org/W1999678038","https://openalex.org/W2020936995","https://openalex.org/W2021620005","https://openalex.org/W2029507764","https://openalex.org/W2030007850","https://openalex.org/W2032127869","https://openalex.org/W2032754114","https://openalex.org/W2038502521","https://openalex.org/W2044983254","https://openalex.org/W2049072081","https://openalex.org/W2049260718","https://openalex.org/W2049428464","https://openalex.org/W2056068953","https://openalex.org/W2061802983","https://openalex.org/W2066268399","https://openalex.org/W2068498765","https://openalex.org/W2073851554","https://openalex.org/W2086839867","https://openalex.org/W2099013648","https://openalex.org/W2103286062","https://openalex.org/W2107148699","https://openalex.org/W2108602246","https://openalex.org/W2110295767","https://openalex.org/W2125891161","https://openalex.org/W2133705455","https://openalex.org/W2134321850","https://openalex.org/W2143360537","https://openalex.org/W2167817751","https://openalex.org/W2263535855","https://openalex.org/W2315030352","https://openalex.org/W2578503722","https://openalex.org/W2602593540","https://openalex.org/W2766228911","https://openalex.org/W2777983157","https://openalex.org/W2800075971","https://openalex.org/W2899074430","https://openalex.org/W2971976493","https://openalex.org/W2990272063","https://openalex.org/W3042784388","https://openalex.org/W4239813528","https://openalex.org/W4240309630","https://openalex.org/W4251211801","https://openalex.org/W4251788726","https://openalex.org/W6637775040","https://openalex.org/W6658758785","https://openalex.org/W6660229631"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7139932473","https://openalex.org/W7162764927","https://openalex.org/W7122414381","https://openalex.org/W2727664651","https://openalex.org/W3127905716","https://openalex.org/W1975838190","https://openalex.org/W2073851554","https://openalex.org/W3197316258","https://openalex.org/W2153268848","https://openalex.org/W7097270045"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1,139,159],"is":[2,62,72],"comparing":[3],"the":[4,43,60,70,85,105,127,132,142,147,151,155,158],"effects":[5],"of":[6,45,137,157],"spacing":[7,28,129,143],"instruction":[8,11],"and":[9,30,101,113,131],"massed":[10,35],"on":[12],"Indonesian":[13],"education":[14,169],"students.":[15],"To":[16],"fulfill":[17],"this":[18,138],"objective,":[19],"two":[20],"intact":[21],"classes":[22,100],"were":[23,87,109],"selected;":[24],"one":[25,32],"as":[26,33],"a":[27,34,40,90,123],"group":[29,130,144,149],"another":[31],"group.":[36,134],"Afterward,":[37],"researcher":[38],"administering":[39],"pre-test":[41],"measured":[42],"skills":[44],"participants":[46],"Islamic":[47],"education.":[48],"After":[49,84],"that,":[50],"only":[51],"then":[52],"did":[53],"they":[54],"receive":[55],"treatment.":[56],"In":[57],"mass":[58,99,133,148],"classes,":[59],"material":[61,71],"taught":[63,73],"in":[64,77,95],"an":[65],"intensive":[66],"90-minute":[67],"session,":[68],"while":[69],"to":[74],"space":[75,102],"groups":[76],"three":[78],"short":[79],"sessions":[80],"(each":[81],"30-minute":[82],"session).":[83],"instructions":[86],"carried":[88,93],"out,":[89],"post-test":[91,106,128],"was":[92,122],"out":[94],"both":[96,98],"groups,":[97],"groups.":[103],"Then":[104],"result":[107],"data":[108],"analyzed":[110],"using":[111],"paired":[112],"independent":[114],"sample":[115],"t-test.":[116],"The":[117,135],"results":[118,136],"showed":[119],"that":[120,141],"there":[121],"significant":[124],"difference":[125],"between":[126],"indicated":[140],"significantly":[145],"outperformed":[146],"at":[150],"final":[152],"test.":[153],"Finally,":[154],"implications":[156],"are":[160],"discussed.":[161],"Keywords:":[162],"Learning":[163],"Outcomes,":[164],"Massed":[165],"instruction,":[166,168],"Spacing":[167],"skills;":[170]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2021-03-15T00:00:00"}