{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3134325399","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyai.2021.100065","title":"Autoencoder-based anomaly root cause analysis for wind turbines","display_name":"Autoencoder-based anomaly root cause analysis for wind turbines","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-03-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3134325399","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyai.2021.100065","mag":"3134325399"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.egyai.2021.100065","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyai.2021.100065","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyai.2021.100065","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666546821000197/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210241048","display_name":"Energy and AI","issn_l":"2666-5468","issn":["2666-5468"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Energy and AI","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666546821000197/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026107149","display_name":"Cyriana M. A. Roelofs","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8005-3194","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8005-3194"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159473","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Energy Economics and Energy System Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05ptp9d64","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210159473","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cyriana M.A. Roelofs","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer IEE, K\u00f6nigstor 59, Kassel 34119, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer IEE, K\u00f6nigstor 59, Kassel 34119, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159473"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006720542","display_name":"Marc\u2010Alexander Lutz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1962-0333","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1962-0333"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159473","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Energy Economics and Energy System Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05ptp9d64","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210159473","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Marc-Alexander Lutz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer IEE, K\u00f6nigstor 59, Kassel 34119, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer IEE, K\u00f6nigstor 59, Kassel 34119, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159473"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010477010","display_name":"Stefan Faulstich","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3185-7659","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3185-7659"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159473","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Energy Economics and Energy System Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05ptp9d64","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210159473","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefan Faulstich","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer IEE, K\u00f6nigstor 59, Kassel 34119, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3185-7659","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer IEE, K\u00f6nigstor 59, Kassel 34119, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159473"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Stephan Vogt","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106157433","display_name":"University of Kassel","ror":"https://ror.org/04zc7p361","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106157433"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159473","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Energy Economics and Energy System Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05ptp9d64","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210159473","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephan Vogt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer IEE, K\u00f6nigstor 59, Kassel 34119, Germany","Intelligent Embedded Systems, Universit\u00e4t Kassel, Wilhelmsh\u00f6her Allee 67, Kassel 34121, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer IEE, K\u00f6nigstor 59, Kassel 34119, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159473"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intelligent Embedded Systems, Universit\u00e4t Kassel, Wilhelmsh\u00f6her Allee 67, Kassel 34121, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106157433"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5006720542"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159473"],"apc_list":{"value":3000,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3000},"apc_paid":{"value":3000,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3000},"fwci":3.3846,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":64,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92995302,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":92,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":null,"first_page":"100065","last_page":"100065"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10220","display_name":"Machine Fault Diagnosis Techniques","score":0.46779999136924744,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10220","display_name":"Machine Fault Diagnosis Techniques","score":0.46779999136924744,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10876","display_name":"Fault Detection and Control Systems","score":0.36010000109672546,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.14419999718666077,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wind-turbines","display_name":"wind turbines","score":0.8539999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autoencoder-reconstruction","display_name":"autoencoder reconstruction","score":0.5960000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"anomaly detection","score":0.6769999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensor-data","display_name":"sensor data","score":0.4659999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-importance","display_name":"feature importance","score":0.5709999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maintenance-planning","display_name":"maintenance planning","score":0.5740000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/offshore-wind-turbines","display_name":"offshore wind turbines","score":0.7620000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arcana","display_name":"Arcana","score":0.5109999775886536}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101738243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786435","display_name":"Autoencoder","level":3,"score":0.9451761245727539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12997251","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q567560","display_name":"Anomaly (physics)","level":2,"score":0.8080309629440308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.7436809539794922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778449969","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130760","display_name":"Turbine","level":2,"score":0.6187525391578674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5852701663970947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5705040097236633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58489278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172284","display_name":"Data set","level":2,"score":0.5425605773925781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5275290012359619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84945661","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7366567","display_name":"Root cause","level":2,"score":0.5008599758148193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78600449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43302","display_name":"Wind power","level":2,"score":0.4720034599304199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.44379955530166626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4329322874546051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4015507698059082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.3351871967315674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2249709665775299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.17835119366645813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.15140148997306824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.07824650406837463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26873012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214781","display_name":"Condensed matter physics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.egyai.2021.100065","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyai.2021.100065","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyai.2021.100065","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666546821000197/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210241048","display_name":"Energy and AI","issn_l":"2666-5468","issn":["2666-5468"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Energy and AI","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:82824948f4e64e419ae34959cb9a866d","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/82824948f4e64e419ae34959cb9a866d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Energy and AI, Vol 4, Iss , Pp 100065- (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:fraunhofer.de:N-636110","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://publica.fraunhofer.de/documents/N-636110.html","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400318","display_name":"Fraunhofer-Publica (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4923324","host_organization_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Fraunhofer IEE","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publica.fraunhofer.de:publica/267752","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://publica.fraunhofer.de/handle/publica/267752","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400318","display_name":"Fraunhofer-Publica (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4923324","host_organization_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"journal article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.egyai.2021.100065","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyai.2021.100065","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyai.2021.100065","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666546821000197/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210241048","display_name":"Energy and AI","issn_l":"2666-5468","issn":["2666-5468"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Energy and AI","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.75,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4827119133","display_name":"Moderne Methoden f\u00fcr neue Anwendungen bei Betrieb & Service von Windenergieanlagen im Informationsfluss der Industrie 4.0","funder_award_id":"0324128","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323803","funder_display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Energie"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323803","display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Wirtschaft und Energie","ror":"https://ror.org/02vgg2808"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3134325399.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3134325399.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W849075951","https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1596274596","https://openalex.org/W2107657144","https://openalex.org/W2282821441","https://openalex.org/W2535095268","https://openalex.org/W2605409611","https://openalex.org/W2612690371","https://openalex.org/W2618851150","https://openalex.org/W2761148314","https://openalex.org/W2795411881","https://openalex.org/W2801050875","https://openalex.org/W2891859208","https://openalex.org/W2897250207","https://openalex.org/W2903757699","https://openalex.org/W2910068345","https://openalex.org/W2912833798","https://openalex.org/W2913668833","https://openalex.org/W2920949764","https://openalex.org/W2943549535","https://openalex.org/W2964121744","https://openalex.org/W2979978195","https://openalex.org/W3009477790","https://openalex.org/W3016686916","https://openalex.org/W3028206171","https://openalex.org/W3031790649","https://openalex.org/W3089162373","https://openalex.org/W3174752098","https://openalex.org/W3191161603","https://openalex.org/W4243563432"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4383502292","https://openalex.org/W3028206171","https://openalex.org/W2973001054","https://openalex.org/W4211172221","https://openalex.org/W3009477790","https://openalex.org/W4362663176","https://openalex.org/W7138204648","https://openalex.org/W7034609650","https://openalex.org/W4380761126","https://openalex.org/W3198488126"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"popular":[1],"method":[2,133,178],"to":[3,29,74,98,111,158,238],"detect":[4],"anomalous":[5,100,123],"behaviour":[6],"or":[7,43],"specific":[8,17,210],"failures":[9],"in":[10,33,56,125,208],"wind":[11,142,154,182,243],"turbine":[12,143,244],"sensor":[13,144,156,184],"data":[14,139],"uses":[15],"a":[16,67,118,160,187,239],"type":[18],"of":[19,53,59,80,90,128,141,172,219,230,241,255],"neural":[20],"network":[21],"called":[22],"an":[23,84,93,103,137,147],"autoencoder.":[24,85],"These":[25],"models":[26,55],"have":[27],"proven":[28],"be":[30,109],"very":[31,214],"successful":[32],"detecting":[34],"such":[35],"deviations,":[36],"yet":[37],"cannot":[38],"show":[39],"the":[40,51,57,76,88,112,126,153,169,173,181,193,198,206,216,228,231,252],"underlying":[41],"cause":[42],"failure":[44],"directly.":[45],"Such":[46],"information":[47],"is":[48,134,213,223],"necessary":[49],"for":[50],"implementation":[52],"these":[54],"planning":[58],"maintenance":[60],"actions.":[61],"In":[62],"this":[63],"paper":[64],"we":[65,235],"introduce":[66],"novel":[68],"method:":[69],"ARCANA.":[70,256],"We":[71],"use":[72],"ARCANA":[73,177,237],"identify":[75,116],"possible":[77],"root":[78],"causes":[79],"anomalies":[81],"detected":[82,232],"by":[83],"It":[86],"describes":[87],"process":[89],"reconstruction":[91,107,170,200,217],"as":[92,225],"optimisation":[94],"problem":[95],"that":[96],"aims":[97],"remove":[99],"properties":[101],"from":[102],"anomaly":[104,113],"considerably.":[105],"This":[106],"must":[108],"similar":[110],"and":[114],"thus":[115],"only":[117],"few,":[119],"but":[120],"highly":[121],"explanatory":[122],"features,":[124,195],"sense":[127],"Ockham\u2019s":[129],"razor.":[130],"The":[131,164,176],"proposed":[132],"applied":[135],"on":[136],"open":[138],"set":[140,240],"data,":[145],"where":[146],"artificial":[148],"error":[149,201,218],"was":[150],"added":[151],"onto":[152],"speed":[155,183],"measurements":[157],"acquire":[159],"controlled":[161],"test":[162],"environment.":[163],"results":[165],"are":[166,249],"compared":[167],"with":[168,186],"errors":[171],"autoencoder":[174],"output.":[175],"points":[179],"out":[180],"correctly":[185],"significantly":[188],"higher":[189],"feature":[190,212],"importance":[191],"than":[192],"other":[194,221],"whereas":[196],"using":[197],"non-optimised":[199],"does":[202],"not.":[203],"Even":[204],"though":[205],"deviation":[207],"one":[209],"input":[211],"large,":[215],"many":[220],"features":[222],"large":[224],"well,":[226],"complicating":[227],"interpretation":[229],"anomaly.":[233],"Additionally,":[234],"apply":[236],"offshore":[242],"data.":[245],"Two":[246],"case":[247],"studies":[248],"discussed,":[250],"demonstrating":[251],"technical":[253],"relevance":[254]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2021-03-15T00:00:00"}