{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3134031601","doi":null,"title":"Therapeutic implications of statins beyond lipid lowering: In the perspective of their effects on the antigen presentation, T cells and NKT cells.","display_name":"Therapeutic implications of statins beyond lipid lowering: In the perspective of their effects on the antigen presentation, T cells and NKT cells.","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3134031601","mag":"3134031601","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33708037","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7934128"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7934128","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7934128","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Int J Health Sci (Qassim)","raw_type":"Text"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7934128","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062446789","display_name":"Masood Alam Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4031-4189","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4031-4189"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I156216236","display_name":"Qassim University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wsfe280","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I156216236"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Masood Alam Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Basic Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Basic Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I156216236"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5062446789"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I156216236"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.183,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.37187926,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"2","first_page":"1","last_page":"2"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12955","display_name":"Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Diseases","score":0.9570000171661377,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2403","display_name":"Immunology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12955","display_name":"Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Diseases","score":0.9570000171661377,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2403","display_name":"Immunology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10394","display_name":"Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health","score":0.02710000053048134,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11618","display_name":"Cholesterol and Lipid Metabolism","score":0.007899999618530273,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1303","display_name":"Biochemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statins","display_name":"statins","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pleiotropy","display_name":"pleiotropy","score":0.796999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hmg-coa-reductase-inhibition","display_name":"HMG-CoA reductase inhibition","score":0.8519999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mevalonate-pathway","display_name":"mevalonate pathway","score":0.8550000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antigen-presentation","display_name":"antigen presentation","score":0.6240000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mhc-class-ii","display_name":"MHC class II","score":0.9309999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cd1d","display_name":"CD1d","score":0.9779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nkt-cells","display_name":"NKT cells","score":0.9150000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/t-cell-activation","display_name":"T cell activation","score":0.9340000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atherosclerosis","display_name":"atherosclerosis","score":0.9589999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immunomodulation","display_name":"immunomodulation","score":0.7540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inflammation","display_name":"inflammation","score":0.4449999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simvastatin","display_name":"simvastatin","score":0.796999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/terpenoids","display_name":"terpenoids","score":0.5889999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gtpase","display_name":"GTPase","score":0.5830000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pro-inflammatory-cytokines","display_name":"inflammatory cytokines","score":0.6710000038146973}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139563560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q224930","display_name":"Natural killer T cell","level":4,"score":0.7288082242012024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776914184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101991","display_name":"Inflammation","level":2,"score":0.5713831186294556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8891405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059","display_name":"Immune system","level":2,"score":0.5643306374549866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57790582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901141","display_name":"Prenylation","level":3,"score":0.5618041753768921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95444343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7141","display_name":"Cell biology","level":1,"score":0.4867427349090576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83464605","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q575296","display_name":"Antigen presentation","level":4,"score":0.48440009355545044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67662055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1047791","display_name":"Antigen-presenting cell","level":4,"score":0.46258851885795593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37386791","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2248081","display_name":"CD1","level":5,"score":0.4466351866722107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776090121","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193529","display_name":"T cell","level":3,"score":0.43760591745376587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168261976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5347407","display_name":"Efferocytosis","level":4,"score":0.4365343153476715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.4007425010204315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.38890427350997925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.375601589679718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779244956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184204","display_name":"Macrophage","level":3,"score":0.3615415096282959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.12867334485054016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181199279","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8047","display_name":"Enzyme","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202751555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221681","display_name":"In vitro","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7934128","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7934128","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Int J Health Sci (Qassim)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:33708037","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33708037","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International journal of health sciences","raw_type":"Editorial"},{"id":"mag:3134031601","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC7934128","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Health Sciences","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7934128","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7934128","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Int J Health Sci (Qassim)","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.98580002784729}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2262081683","https://openalex.org/W2034666899","https://openalex.org/W2886968347","https://openalex.org/W2044686773","https://openalex.org/W1989797372","https://openalex.org/W2091019625","https://openalex.org/W1585642569","https://openalex.org/W2000745550","https://openalex.org/W2586240034","https://openalex.org/W1993439431"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Statins":[0],"are":[1,56,315],"commonly":[2],"used":[3],"to":[4,59,115,162,187,231,375,461],"lower":[5],"the":[6,19,44,61,88,94,130,138,143,158,163,167,171,182,197,222,233,267,270,282,297,319,346,356,389,392,399,408,422,440,450,463,470,481,494,498,505,520,528,535,539,555,565,568,571,585,596,599],"cholesterol":[7,495],"level":[8,394,496],"by":[9,42,239,273,318,323,388,444,466,468],"inhibiting":[10,43,290],"an":[11,592],"important":[12,47,58,64,334,593],"enzyme,":[13],"3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl":[14],"coenzyme":[15],"A":[16],"(HMG-CoA),":[17],"of":[18,46,63,69,91,133,145,151,166,200,217,224,248,269,278,284,311,358,368,380,395,401,410,507,519,525,532,538,552,557,567,578,587,598],"mevalonate":[20],"pathway.[1]":[21],"\u00a0In":[22],"addition,":[23],"statins":[24,75,92,103,294],"affect":[25],"many":[26],"cellular":[27],"and":[28,34,39,52,72,84,96,119,160,177,204,211,236,341,361,413,434,483,530,560],"biological":[29],"processes,":[30],"including":[31,49],"cell":[32,107,286,292,436,559,562],"proliferation":[33,235],"differentiation,":[35],"apoptosis,":[36],"antigen":[37,244,254,415,442,464,487,511,541],"presentation":[38,255,443,465,512],"immune":[40,168],"responses":[41],"prenylation":[45,260,516,526,553,575],"proteins,":[48],"Ras,":[50],"Rho":[51],"Rab":[53],"GTPases":[54],"that":[55,79,102,220,266,314,391,478,504,549],"critically":[57],"alter":[60,105],"signaling":[62,437],"molecules.[2]":[65],"\u00a0As":[66],"a":[67,275,309,332,377],"result":[68],"their":[70,110,373,446],"cholesterol-dependent":[71],"-independent":[73],"activities,":[74],"exhibit":[76],"pleiotropic":[77],"effects":[78],"include":[80],"anti-inflammatory,":[81],"anti-oxidant,":[82],"immunomodulatory":[83],"anti-thrombotic":[85],"actions.[1]":[86],"Given":[87],"lipid-independent":[89,304],"effect":[90,247,506],"in":[93,129,185,281,299,336,355,403,421,497,534,564,570,584,595],"inflammation":[95,159,298,569,590],"immunomodulation,":[97],"it":[98,490],"is":[99,194,256,386,513],"not":[100,492],"surprising":[101],"may":[104,580],"T":[106,117,122,147,155,202,209,285,291,312,558],"activation":[108,199,556],"through":[109,181,302,449],"prenylation-inhibitory":[111],"activity.":[112,262],"In":[113],"addition":[114],"monocyte/macrophages,":[116],"cells":[118,124,156,169,203,210,213,307,313,330,350,370,397,412,417],"Natural":[120],"Killer":[121],"(NKT)":[123],"also":[125,352],"play":[126,331],"critical":[127,195],"roles":[128],"disease":[131],"progression":[132],"atherosclerosis.":[134],"The":[135,365,574],"plaques":[136,301],"from":[137],"symptomatic":[139],"patients":[140],"have":[141,351,418,476],"shown":[142,230],"presence":[144,409],"activated":[146,317],"cells.[3,4]":[148],"\u00a0By":[149,289],"virtue":[150],"secreting":[152],"pro-inflammatory":[153,218,381],"cytokines,":[154],"perpetuate":[157],"contribute":[161],"further":[164,581],"recruitment":[165],"into":[170,372],"atherosclerotic":[172,225,300,423,572],"plaques.[5]":[173],"MHC":[174,241,251,324,484],"class":[175,242,252,325,485],"II":[176,253],"CD1d":[178,327,467,533],"molecules":[179],"traffic":[180],"endocytic":[183,451,536],"compartments":[184,537],"order":[186],"be":[188,582],"loaded":[189],"with":[190],"proper":[191],"ligands.":[192],"It":[193,502],"for":[196],"antigen-specific":[198],"CD4+":[201,208],"NKT":[205,212,306,329,349,369,411],"cells.[1]":[206],"Activated":[207],"secrete":[214,376],"huge":[215,378],"amounts":[216],"cytokines":[219],"aggravate":[221],"severity":[223],"inflammation.":[226],"Simvastatin":[227],"has":[228,458],"been":[229,353,419,459],"inhibit":[232],"T-cell":[234],"cytokine":[237],"production":[238],"impairing":[240],"II-mediated":[243,486],"presentation.[6]":[245],"This":[246,384],"statin":[249,508,579],"on":[250,258,509,515],"dependent":[257,514],"its":[259,303],"inhibitory":[261,517,576],"Earlier":[263],"studies":[264],"showed":[265],"depletion":[268],"isoprenoid":[271],"pool":[272],"using":[274],"specific":[276],"inhibitor":[277],"HMG-CoA":[279],"resulted":[280],"regulation":[283],"migration.":[287],"[7]":[288],"activation,":[293],"can":[295],"alleviate":[296],"effect.":[305],"comprise":[308],"set":[310],"mainly":[316],"lipid":[320],"antigens":[321],"presented":[322],"I-like":[326],"molecules.":[328],"very":[333],"role":[335,367,594],"host":[337],"defense":[338],"against":[339],"tumors":[340],"infectious":[342],"diseases.":[343,364,600],"[8]":[344],"On":[345],"other":[347,362],"hand,":[348],"implicated":[354],"aggravation":[357],"atherosclerosis,":[359],"asthma":[360],"inflammatory":[363],"pro-atherogenic":[366],"implies":[371],"ability":[374],"amount":[379],"cytokines.":[382],"[9]":[383],"assumption":[385],"supported":[387],"report":[390],"higher":[393],"iNKT":[396],"exacerbated":[398],"status":[400],"atherosclerosis":[402],"obese":[404],"mice.":[405],"[10]":[406],"Furthermore,":[407],"CD1d-expressing":[414],"presenting":[416,542],"detected":[420],"plaques.":[424,573],"[11]":[425],"\u00a0Mitogen-activated":[426],"protein":[427],"kinase":[428,431],"(MAPK),":[429],"Protein":[430],"delta":[432],"(PKC\u03b4)":[433],"JAK/STAT":[435],"pathways":[438],"regulate":[439],"CD1d-mediated":[441,510],"altering":[445,469],"intracellular":[447],"trafficking":[448,529],"compartments.":[452],"[12]":[453],"\u00a0A":[454],"small":[455],"GTPase,":[456],"Arl8b,":[457],"known":[460],"influence":[462],"lysosomal":[471],"trafficking.":[472],"[13]":[473],"\u00a0We":[474],"earlier":[475],"reported":[477],"simvastatin":[479],"inhibited":[480],"CD1d-":[482],"presentation.":[488],"Interestingly,":[489],"did":[491],"reduce":[493],"treated":[499,540],"cells.":[500,543],"[1]":[501],"suggested":[503],"activity":[518],"drug.":[521],"Moreover,":[522],"statin-induced":[523],"inhibition":[524,551],"altered":[527],"distribution":[531],"Overall,":[544],"these":[545],"findings":[546],"clearly":[547],"indicate":[548],"statin-mediated":[550],"modulates":[554],"\u00a0NKT":[561],"resulting":[563],"alleviation":[566],"property":[577],"exploited":[583],"treatment":[586],"diseases":[588],"where":[589],"plays":[591],"pathogenesis":[597]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2021-03-15T00:00:00"}
