{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3133962812","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frym.2021.579592","title":"What Is PTSD? Diagnosis, Treatment, and Challenges","display_name":"What Is PTSD? Diagnosis, Treatment, and Challenges","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-03-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3133962812","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frym.2021.579592","mag":"3133962812"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/frym.2021.579592","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frym.2021.579592","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frym.2021.579592","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frym.2021.579592/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595917421","display_name":"Frontiers for Young Minds","issn_l":"2296-6846","issn":["2296-6846"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers for Young Minds","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frym.2021.579592/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110747420","display_name":"Prarthana Pilla","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Prarthana Pilla","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States","Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States","School of Nursing, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Nursing, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024162183","display_name":"Janet Y. Le","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9063-8870","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9063-8870"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Janet Y. Le","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States","Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States","School of Nursing, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Nursing, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054629728","display_name":"Phoebe Lay","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6337-2731","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6337-2731"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Phoebe Lay","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States","Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States","School of Nursing, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Nursing, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110747421","display_name":"Joyce Tiong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5184-1753","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5184-1753"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joyce Tiong","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States","Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States","School of Nursing, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Nursing, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076949434","display_name":"Nicole Danielle Osier","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2903-6774","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2903-6774"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86519309","display_name":"The University of Texas at Austin","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj54h04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicole Osier","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States","Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States","School of Nursing, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Nursing, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86519309"],"apc_list":{"value":0,"currency":"USD","value_usd":0},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.02558316,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10242","display_name":"Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10242","display_name":"Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10416","display_name":"Traumatic Brain Injury Research","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10426","display_name":"Child Abuse and Trauma","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/posttraumatic-stress-disorder","display_name":"post-traumatic stress disorder","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ptsd-diagnosis","display_name":"PTSD diagnosis","score":0.8999999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ptsd-treatment","display_name":"PTSD treatment","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/invisible-disabilities","display_name":"invisible disabilities","score":0.9470000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disability-activism","display_name":"disability activism","score":0.7799999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diagnostic-checklist","display_name":"diagnostic checklist","score":0.7860000133514404}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779768198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q488085","display_name":"Kindness","level":2,"score":0.7885435819625854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776035688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1606558","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6909768581390381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5917361378669739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.5031875967979431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2991847609","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202387","display_name":"Posttraumatic stress","level":2,"score":0.48679420351982117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70410870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906","display_name":"Clinical psychology","level":1,"score":0.40994149446487427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.3909755349159241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27206212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34178","display_name":"Theology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/frym.2021.579592","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frym.2021.579592","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frym.2021.579592","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frym.2021.579592/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595917421","display_name":"Frontiers for Young Minds","issn_l":"2296-6846","issn":["2296-6846"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers for Young Minds","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/frym.2021.579592","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frym.2021.579592","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/frym.2021.579592","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frym.2021.579592/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595917421","display_name":"Frontiers for Young Minds","issn_l":"2296-6846","issn":["2296-6846"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers for Young Minds","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9391000270843506,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3133962812.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3133962812.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":4,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2095272217","https://openalex.org/W2130172111","https://openalex.org/W2527096828","https://openalex.org/W2554683526"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4327651380","https://openalex.org/W2026817112","https://openalex.org/W2126017140","https://openalex.org/W2981499152","https://openalex.org/W2324262744","https://openalex.org/W3095749280","https://openalex.org/W3024373887","https://openalex.org/W3100227099","https://openalex.org/W6968386604","https://openalex.org/W2334982053"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Post-traumatic":[0],"stress":[1],"disorder":[2,16],"(PTSD)":[3],"can":[4,17,49,83],"occur":[5],"when":[6],"someone":[7,55],"experiences":[8],"a":[9,22],"scary":[10],"event":[11],"or":[12],"serious":[13],"injury.":[14],"This":[15],"affect":[18],"multiple":[19],"parts":[20],"of":[21,70,73,100,124,136],"person\u2019s":[23],"life,":[24,130],"from":[25],"relationships":[26],"with":[27,141],"loved":[28],"ones":[29],"to":[30,52,107],"performance":[31],"at":[32,61],"work.":[33],"Unfortunately,":[34],"PTSD":[35,57,90,101],"is":[36,41],"not":[37],"understood":[38],"well.":[39],"It":[40],"considered":[42],"an":[43],"invisible":[44,143],"disability,":[45],"which":[46,94],"means":[47],"it":[48],"be":[50,84],"difficult":[51],"determine":[53],"if":[54],"has":[56],"just":[58],"by":[59,86],"looking":[60],"them,":[62],"since":[63],"they":[64],"have":[65],"no":[66],"visible":[67],"symptoms.":[68],"Because":[69],"the":[71,98,112,122,134],"difficulty":[72],"diagnosing":[74],"PTSD,":[75,125],"healthcare":[76],"professionals":[77],"are":[78],"working":[79],"toward":[80,139],"checklists":[81],"that":[82],"used":[85],"all":[87],"doctors":[88],"for":[89],"diagnosis":[91],"and":[92,110,133],"treatment,":[93,132],"will":[95,120],"hopefully":[96],"improve":[97],"care":[99],"patients.":[102],"Similarly,":[103],"disability":[104],"activists":[105],"continue":[106],"raise":[108],"awareness":[109],"educate":[111],"public":[113],"on":[114,128],"PTSD.":[115],"In":[116],"this":[117,142],"article,":[118],"we":[119],"discuss":[121],"causes":[123],"its":[126],"effects":[127],"daily":[129],"diagnosis,":[131],"importance":[135],"showing":[137],"kindness":[138],"people":[140],"disability.":[144]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-09-26T08:19:03.415552","created_date":"2021-03-15T00:00:00"}