{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3133914048","doi":null,"title":"Control of Electric Load Aggregations for Power System Services","display_name":"Control of Electric Load Aggregations for Power System Services","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3133914048","mag":"3133914048"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:deepblue.lib.umich.edu:2027.42/155144","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/155144","pdf_url":"https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstreams/ad34381d-0bc3-491c-a570-186d0039e412/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400393","display_name":"Deep Blue (University of Michigan)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","host_organization_name":"University of Michigan","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Thesis"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstreams/ad34381d-0bc3-491c-a570-186d0039e412/download","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002561524","display_name":"Stephanie Crocker Ross","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8776-414X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8776-414X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Stephanie C. Ross","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5002561524"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10424","display_name":"Electric Power System Optimization","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11185","display_name":"Integrated Energy Systems Optimization","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/load-aggregation","display_name":"load aggregation","score":0.7229999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-balancing","display_name":"energy balancing","score":0.75},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermostatically-controlled-loads","display_name":"thermostatically controlled loads","score":0.949999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distribution-network-constraints","display_name":"distribution network constraints","score":0.8339999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-flow-analysis","display_name":"power flow analysis","score":0.75},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hierarchical-control","display_name":"hierarchical control","score":0.6489999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-system-services","display_name":"power system services","score":0.30399999022483826}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40293303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27137","display_name":"Electric power","level":3,"score":0.559715211391449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.552625298500061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.4854196012020111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3952942192554474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3581943213939667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.3366054892539978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3216457962989807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2260463535785675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.09652048349380493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.052536457777023315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:deepblue.lib.umich.edu:2027.42/155144","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/155144","pdf_url":"https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstreams/ad34381d-0bc3-491c-a570-186d0039e412/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400393","display_name":"Deep Blue (University of Michigan)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","host_organization_name":"University of Michigan","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Thesis"},{"id":"mag:3133914048","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/155144","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400393","display_name":"Deep Blue (University of Michigan)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","host_organization_name":"University of Michigan","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Deep Blue (University of Michigan)","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:deepblue.lib.umich.edu:2027.42/155144","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/155144","pdf_url":"https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstreams/ad34381d-0bc3-491c-a570-186d0039e412/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400393","display_name":"Deep Blue (University of Michigan)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","host_organization_name":"University of Michigan","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Thesis"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.9853000044822693,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.7207000255584717,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4827893553","display_name":"CPS: Small: Scalable and safe control synthesis for systems with symmetries","funder_award_id":"1837680","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332462","display_name":"Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studies, University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3133914048.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3133914048.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":64,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1594253023","https://openalex.org/W1719735919","https://openalex.org/W1763790326","https://openalex.org/W1787290749","https://openalex.org/W1836404886","https://openalex.org/W1966892633","https://openalex.org/W1973830370","https://openalex.org/W1984452440","https://openalex.org/W1997158423","https://openalex.org/W1999913837","https://openalex.org/W2007264035","https://openalex.org/W2009022268","https://openalex.org/W2012562405","https://openalex.org/W2013002270","https://openalex.org/W2042664080","https://openalex.org/W2043279449","https://openalex.org/W2044689796","https://openalex.org/W2057221431","https://openalex.org/W2058559708","https://openalex.org/W2065553080","https://openalex.org/W2073097335","https://openalex.org/W2084502662","https://openalex.org/W2089264829","https://openalex.org/W2112161356","https://openalex.org/W2116672760","https://openalex.org/W2121069325","https://openalex.org/W2122723365","https://openalex.org/W2124969628","https://openalex.org/W2131539632","https://openalex.org/W2132990234","https://openalex.org/W2135797872","https://openalex.org/W2139835088","https://openalex.org/W2143170985","https://openalex.org/W2145629560","https://openalex.org/W2153520025","https://openalex.org/W2174209625","https://openalex.org/W2180199879","https://openalex.org/W2182504547","https://openalex.org/W2249216183","https://openalex.org/W2311684903","https://openalex.org/W2327685928","https://openalex.org/W2397399066","https://openalex.org/W2418647264","https://openalex.org/W2481825309","https://openalex.org/W2549844533","https://openalex.org/W2572110155","https://openalex.org/W2607442167","https://openalex.org/W2734563236","https://openalex.org/W2734594908","https://openalex.org/W2736799683","https://openalex.org/W2749664490","https://openalex.org/W2765942258","https://openalex.org/W2766103810","https://openalex.org/W2766582599","https://openalex.org/W2783484071","https://openalex.org/W2803496992","https://openalex.org/W2828320654","https://openalex.org/W2882318258","https://openalex.org/W2889188032","https://openalex.org/W2927769599","https://openalex.org/W2963123283","https://openalex.org/W2970902197","https://openalex.org/W2999089067","https://openalex.org/W4221023149"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2970902197","https://openalex.org/W3110245901","https://openalex.org/W4405324492","https://openalex.org/W2736799683","https://openalex.org/W3049333106","https://openalex.org/W4402326274","https://openalex.org/W7170137592","https://openalex.org/W4414684627","https://openalex.org/W4224653673","https://openalex.org/W1950651197"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,38,55,447],"electrical":[1],"power":[2,17,46,360,466,546],"systems,":[3],"when":[4,432],"the":[5,20,39,42,89,103,107,116,166,176,182,217,308,314,329,346,364,367,381,389,413,423,429,451,463,476,479,535],"supply":[6],"from":[7,428,475],"wind":[8],"or":[9],"solar-powered":[10],"generation":[11,47],"fluctuates,":[12],"other":[13,480],"resources":[14,51],"adjust":[15],"their":[16,298],"to":[18,106,148,185,195,237,272,290,296,327,379,387,417,521],"maintain":[19],"system\u2019s":[21],"balance":[22],"between":[23],"demand":[24],"and":[25,30,94,109,127,134,145,178,211,226,249,352,422,444,508,513,533],"supply.":[26],"Traditionally,":[27],"gas,":[28],"coal,":[29],"hydro-powered":[31],"generators":[32],"have":[33,130,143],"provided":[34],"this":[35,56,83,192,337],"balancing":[36,50,154,207,406,537],"service.":[37],"future,":[40,544],"as":[41,124],"proportion":[43],"of":[44,66,91,173,191,234,245,255,261,278,294,316,331,442,460,462,473,491,525],"renewable":[45],"increases,":[48],"additional":[49],"will":[52,540],"be":[53,139,541],"needed.":[54],"work,":[57],"we":[58,339,372,384],"develop":[59,196,373],"methods":[60,198,221],"that":[61,137,230,266,307,344,539],"enable":[62,518],"a":[63,75,201,242,252,276,287,292,319,354,397,448,456,483],"new":[64],"resource\u2014aggregations":[65],"flexible":[67],"loads\u2014to":[68],"provide":[69,205,496],"energy":[70,80,206,405],"balancing.":[71],"Load":[72],"aggregations":[73],"are":[74,171,222,231,385,407,411],"promising":[76],"resource":[77],"for":[78,224,274,396,404,434,506],"transmission-level":[79],"balancing,":[81],"but":[82],"service":[84,105],"should":[85,100,110],"not":[86,101,111],"come":[87],"at":[88,232,259,318],"expense":[90],"lower-level":[92],"services":[93],"requirements.":[95,446],"Specifically,":[96],"an":[97,301,324,341,419],"aggregator\u2019s":[98,430,477],"control":[99,197,268,291,402,431,522],"compromise":[102],"loads\u2019":[104],"end-user":[108],"cause":[112,162],"operational":[113],"issues":[114],"on":[115,165,175,216,300,359,376],"distribution":[117,167,183,218,228,247,321],"network.":[118,168,219,399],"Thermostatically":[119],"controlled":[120],"loads":[121,416],"(TCLs),":[122],"such":[123],"air":[125],"conditioners":[126],"water":[128],"heaters,":[129],"user-set":[131],"temperature":[132],"limits":[133],"cycling":[135],"constraints":[136,147,229,257,333],"must":[138,179],"satisfied.":[140],"Distribution":[141],"networks":[142,248],"loading":[144],"voltage":[146,317],"ensure":[149,186],"reliable":[150],"operation.":[151],"When":[152],"providing":[153,534],"services,":[155],"aggregators":[156,170,509,520],"partially":[157],"synchronize":[158],"loads,":[159],"which":[160,200],"can":[161,204,311],"constraint":[163,351,358],"violations":[164],"Third-party":[169],"unaware":[172],"conditions":[174,215],"network":[177,187,256,279,303,435],"coordinate":[180],"with":[181,510],"operator":[184,424],"reliability.":[188],"The":[189,437,493],"objective":[190],"dissertation":[193],"is":[194,258,334,369],"by":[199,363,392,543],"third-party":[202,519],"aggregator":[203,414],"without":[208,212],"disrupting":[209],"consumers":[210],"causing":[213],"unsafe":[214],"Multiple":[220],"proposed":[223],"identifying":[225],"protecting":[227],"risk":[233,260],"violation":[235],"due":[236],"load":[238],"control.":[239],"We":[240,284],"conduct":[241],"simulation":[243],"study":[244],"realistic":[246],"find":[250],"only":[251,275],"small":[253],"subset":[254,277],"violation.":[262],"This":[263],"result":[264],"implies":[265],"network-safe":[267,401],"strategies":[269,403,410,438,495,517],"may":[270],"need":[271],"account":[273],"constraints,":[280],"enhancing":[281,528],"computational":[282],"efficiency.":[283],"propose":[285,340],"using":[286],"``mode-count":[288],"algorithm\u2019\u2019":[289],"group":[293],"TCLs":[295,427,474],"minimize":[297],"impact":[299],"at-risk":[302,332,349],"constraint.":[304],"Results":[305],"show":[306],"mode-count":[309],"algorithm":[310],"effectively":[312],"reduce":[313,380,388],"variability":[315],"constrained":[320],"node.":[322],"Developing":[323],"online":[325],"method":[326,343,368],"identify":[328],"set":[330],"non-trivial;":[335],"towards":[336],"end,":[338],"optimization-based":[342],"identifies":[345],"network\u2019s":[347],"most":[348],"individual":[350],"provides":[353],"conservative,":[355],"global":[356],"safety":[357],"deviations":[361],"caused":[362],"aggregator.":[365],"Because":[366],"computationally":[370],"intensive,":[371],"techniques":[374],"based":[375],"power-flow":[377],"analysis":[378],"problem":[382,390],"size;":[383],"able":[386],"size":[391],"more":[393,452],"than":[394,471],"60%":[395],"test":[398],"Two":[400],"proposed.":[408],"Both":[409],"hierarchical:":[412],"controls":[415],"track":[418],"energy-balancing":[420],"signal,":[421],"removes":[425],"particular":[426],"necessary":[433],"safety.":[436],"differ":[439],"in":[440,530],"terms":[441],"modeling":[443],"communication":[445],"case":[449],"study,":[450],"complex":[453],"strategy":[454,481],"achieves":[455,482],"root-mean-square":[457],"tracking":[458,485],"error":[459,486],"0.10%":[461],"TCLs\u2019":[464],"baseline":[465],"consumption":[467],"while":[468,487],"removing":[469,488],"fewer":[470],"1%":[472],"control;":[478],"0.70%":[484],"approximately":[489],"15%":[490],"TCLs.":[492],"two":[494],"options":[497],"\u2014":[498,505],"one":[499,502],"better":[500],"performing,":[501],"less":[503],"costly":[504],"operators":[507],"different":[511],"capabilities":[512],"preferences.":[514],"Overall,":[515],"these":[516],"larger":[523],"proportions":[524],"distribution-network":[526],"load,":[527],"competition":[529],"wholesale":[531],"markets":[532],"greater":[536],"capacities":[538],"needed":[542],"low-carbon":[545],"systems.":[547]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2021-03-15T00:00:00"}