{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3133667599","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpos.2021.622512","title":"Political Polarization During the COVID-19 Pandemic","display_name":"Political Polarization During the COVID-19 Pandemic","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-03-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3133667599","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpos.2021.622512","mag":"3133667599"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fpos.2021.622512","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpos.2021.622512","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpos.2021.622512","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/political-science/articles/10.3389/fpos.2021.622512/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210231853","display_name":"Frontiers in Political Science","issn_l":"2673-3145","issn":["2673-3145"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-3","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Political Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/political-science/articles/10.3389/fpos.2021.622512/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005143891","display_name":"Sebastian Jungkunz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1040-8635","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1040-8635"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161104310","display_name":"Zeppelin Universit\u00e4t gemeinn\u00fctzige GmbH","ror":"https://ror.org/05tbp1g38","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161104310"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62318514","display_name":"University of Duisburg-Essen","ror":"https://ror.org/04mz5ra38","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62318514"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94626330","display_name":"University of Bamberg","ror":"https://ror.org/01c1w6d29","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94626330"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sebastian Jungkunz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Political Communication, Zeppelin University, Friedrichshafen, Germany","Chair for Political Sociology, University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany","Institute for Socio-Economics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Political Communication, Zeppelin University, Friedrichshafen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161104310"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair for Political Sociology, University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94626330"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Socio-Economics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62318514"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5005143891"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161104310","https://openalex.org/I62318514","https://openalex.org/I94626330"],"apc_list":{"value":950,"currency":"USD","value_usd":950},"apc_paid":{"value":664,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":716},"fwci":60.648,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":90,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99903451,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10108","display_name":"Electoral Systems and Political Participation","score":0.9448000192642212,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10108","display_name":"Electoral Systems and Political Participation","score":0.9448000192642212,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11397","display_name":"Populism, Right-Wing Movements","score":0.02290000021457672,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10314","display_name":"Social and Intergroup Psychology","score":0.003700000001117587,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/affective-polarization","display_name":"affective polarization","score":0.9800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covid-19","display_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","score":0.984000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-hardship","display_name":"economic hardship","score":0.890999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alternative-fur-deutschland","display_name":"Alternative f\u00fcr Deutschland","score":0.8899999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/partisanship","display_name":"partisanship","score":0.6620000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intergroup-attitudes","display_name":"intergroup attitudes","score":0.492000013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cross-party-consensus","display_name":"cross-party consensus","score":0.6740000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/government-responsiveness","display_name":"government responsiveness","score":0.5920000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-opinion","display_name":"public opinion","score":0.4909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/germany","display_name":"Germany","score":0.6940000057220459}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205049153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2698605","display_name":"Polarization (electrochemistry)","level":2,"score":0.7537065744400024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9719361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7928967","display_name":"Vignette","level":2,"score":0.6742884516716003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89623803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12184","display_name":"Pandemic","level":5,"score":0.6740831732749939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.6647998094558716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134698397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17946","display_name":"Public opinion","level":3,"score":0.6487863063812256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.6253077983856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.5956356525421143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139265228","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5283089","display_name":"Distress","level":2,"score":0.5106402039527893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138921699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47555","display_name":"Political economy","level":1,"score":0.4949163794517517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26760741","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402","display_name":"Perception","level":2,"score":0.45309901237487793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992225742","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1778788","display_name":"Panel survey","level":2,"score":0.42575353384017944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47768531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127188","display_name":"Development economics","level":1,"score":0.36720627546310425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3181246817111969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.2817569375038147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.2682519853115082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.22134578227996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.1367640197277069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.11586436629295349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70410870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199906","display_name":"Clinical psychology","level":1,"score":0.0684310793876648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147789679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11372","display_name":"Physical chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fpos.2021.622512","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpos.2021.622512","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpos.2021.622512","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/political-science/articles/10.3389/fpos.2021.622512/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210231853","display_name":"Frontiers in Political Science","issn_l":"2673-3145","issn":["2673-3145"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-3","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Political Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:bibliographie.ub.uni-due.de:ubo_mods_00166762","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://duepublico2.uni-due.de/receive/duepublico_mods_00074680","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055102","display_name":"Universit\u00e4tsbibliographie, Universit\u00e4t Duisburg-Essen","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7d07ed41143c4332b74f2efbf49aaa12","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7d07ed41143c4332b74f2efbf49aaa12","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Political Science, Vol 3 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:duepublico2.uni-due.de:duepublico_mods_00074680","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpos.2021.622512","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400212","display_name":"DuEPublico (University of Duisburg-Essen)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I62318514","host_organization_name":"University of Duisburg-Essen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62318514"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:gesis.izsoz.de:document/77553","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/77553","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401996","display_name":"Social Science Open Access Repository (GESIS \u2013 Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210101898","host_organization_name":"GESIS - Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210101898"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Political Science","raw_type":"Zeitschriftenartikel"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fpos.2021.622512","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpos.2021.622512","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpos.2021.622512","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/political-science/articles/10.3389/fpos.2021.622512/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210231853","display_name":"Frontiers in Political Science","issn_l":"2673-3145","issn":["2673-3145"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-3","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Political Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.8100000023841858}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325052","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Duisburg-Essen","ror":"https://ror.org/04mz5ra38"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3133667599.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3133667599.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W171720695","https://openalex.org/W386986494","https://openalex.org/W1474072072","https://openalex.org/W1595106591","https://openalex.org/W2002515216","https://openalex.org/W2008108073","https://openalex.org/W2008364953","https://openalex.org/W2012728340","https://openalex.org/W2015475645","https://openalex.org/W2044096503","https://openalex.org/W2099273014","https://openalex.org/W2111770475","https://openalex.org/W2114431483","https://openalex.org/W2114986694","https://openalex.org/W2117442186","https://openalex.org/W2124751389","https://openalex.org/W2137998590","https://openalex.org/W2150187013","https://openalex.org/W2210688559","https://openalex.org/W2555398226","https://openalex.org/W2798154493","https://openalex.org/W2904152473","https://openalex.org/W2914259860","https://openalex.org/W2943978859","https://openalex.org/W2947246055","https://openalex.org/W2963244373","https://openalex.org/W2965622119","https://openalex.org/W2982156962","https://openalex.org/W3008845104","https://openalex.org/W3015740662","https://openalex.org/W3016902371","https://openalex.org/W3017367437","https://openalex.org/W3017390025","https://openalex.org/W3024557722","https://openalex.org/W3028744607","https://openalex.org/W3037619012","https://openalex.org/W3049318161","https://openalex.org/W3080787539","https://openalex.org/W3122203956","https://openalex.org/W3125647857","https://openalex.org/W3145824801","https://openalex.org/W3172756192","https://openalex.org/W3196982164","https://openalex.org/W4249590812","https://openalex.org/W4285750204","https://openalex.org/W4300170376","https://openalex.org/W4384406207","https://openalex.org/W6776646978"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4287987789","https://openalex.org/W3160536328","https://openalex.org/W3097821632","https://openalex.org/W4389732080","https://openalex.org/W3080787539","https://openalex.org/W4392912030","https://openalex.org/W3109607089","https://openalex.org/W4291123975","https://openalex.org/W4408333992","https://openalex.org/W4414863711"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Affective":[0],"polarization":[1,40,97],"has":[2],"increased":[3],"substantially":[4],"in":[5,54,57,141],"the":[6,14,18,21,25,34,42,65,81,91,111,129,135],"United":[7],"States":[8],"and":[9,17,36,59,73,101,134],"countries":[10],"of":[11,20,38,85,103,114,116,131,143],"Europe":[12],"over":[13],"last":[15],"decades":[16],"ramifications":[19],"COVID-19":[22,43],"pandemic":[23,44],"have":[24],"potential":[26],"to":[27,67,80,137],"drastically":[28],"reinforce":[29],"such":[30],"polarization.":[31],"I":[32,62,122],"investigate":[33],"degree":[35],"dynamic":[37],"affective":[39],"during":[41],"through":[45],"a":[46,51,68],"two-wave":[47],"panel":[48],"survey":[49],"with":[50],"vignette":[52],"experiment":[53],"Germany":[55],"fielded":[56],"April/May":[58],"July/August":[60],"2020.":[61],"1)":[63],"compare":[64],"findings":[66],"previous":[69],"study":[70],"from":[71],"2017,":[72],"2)":[74],"assess":[75],"how":[76],"economic":[77,108,126],"distress":[78,109,127],"due":[79],"crisis":[82],"changes":[83],"perceptions":[84],"other":[86,104,117,161],"partisans.":[87,162],"Results":[88],"show":[89],"that":[90,124,154],"public":[92,151],"today":[93],"experiences":[94],"slightly":[95],"stronger":[96],"between":[98],"AfD":[99,120],"voters":[100,115],"supporters":[102],"parties.":[105],"Yet,":[106],"higher":[107],"decreases":[110],"negative":[112],"sentiment":[113],"parties":[118],"towards":[119,160],"supporters.":[121],"argue":[123],"experiencing":[125],"increases":[128],"awareness":[130],"political":[132],"debate":[133],"responsiveness":[136],"government":[138],"decisions.":[139],"Thus,":[140],"times":[142],"broad":[144],"cross-party":[145],"consensus,":[146],"this":[147],"can":[148],"translate":[149],"into":[150],"opinion":[152],"so":[153],"it":[155],"makes":[156],"people":[157],"less":[158],"hostile":[159]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2021-03-15T00:00:00"}