{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3133600226","doi":null,"title":"Liver and Gallbladder Disease in Diabetes","display_name":"Liver and Gallbladder Disease in Diabetes","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3133600226","mag":"3133600226"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:3133600226","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://europepmc.org/article/MED/33651558","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028045382","display_name":"Constance E. Ruhl","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8160-9859","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8160-9859"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113114","display_name":"Social and Scientific Systems (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/024daed65","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210113114"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Constance E. Ruhl","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dr. Constance E. Ruhl is an Epidemiologist at Social & Scientific Systems, Inc., Silver Spring, MD"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8160-9859","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dr. Constance E. Ruhl is an Epidemiologist at Social & Scientific Systems, Inc., Silver Spring, MD","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113114"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069777392","display_name":"Jeanne M. Clark","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1194-0092","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1194-0092","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7545-6158"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeanne M. Clark","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dr. Jeanne M. Clark is a Professor of Medicine and Epidemiology and Director of the Division of General Internal Medicine at The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1194-0092","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dr. Jeanne M. Clark is a Professor of Medicine and Epidemiology and Director of the Division of General Internal Medicine at The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043162110","display_name":"James E. Everhart","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090567","display_name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","ror":"https://ror.org/00adh9b73","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210090567"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James E. Everhart","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dr. James E. Everhart was Chief of the Epidemiology and Clinical Trials Branch in the Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition at the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, at the time this work was done"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dr. James E. Everhart was Chief of the Epidemiology and Clinical Trials Branch in the Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition at the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, at the time this work was done","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090567"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10351","display_name":"Liver Disease Diagnosis and Treatment","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2721","display_name":"Hepatology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10351","display_name":"Liver Disease Diagnosis and Treatment","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2721","display_name":"Hepatology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10027","display_name":"Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins","score":0.00139999995008111,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10337","display_name":"Liver Disease and Transplantation","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2721","display_name":"Hepatology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-alcoholic-fatty-liver-disease","display_name":"non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","score":0.9169999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetes-mellitus","display_name":"diabetes mellitus","score":0.6069999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prediabetes","display_name":"prediabetes","score":0.902999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/viral-hepatitis","display_name":"viral hepatitis","score":0.7820000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hepatitis-c-virus","display_name":"hepatitis C virus","score":0.8450000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hepatitis-b-virus","display_name":"hepatitis B virus","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/liver-cirrhosis","display_name":"liver cirrhosis","score":0.9480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gallstone-disease","display_name":"gallstone disease","score":0.8999999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cholecystectomy","display_name":"cholecystectomy","score":0.8629999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/insulin-resistance","display_name":"insulin resistance","score":0.7699999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/liver-transplantation","display_name":"liver transplantation","score":0.7649999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/post-transplant-diabetes-mellitus","display_name":"post-transplant diabetes mellitus","score":0.7770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hepatic-steatosis","display_name":"hepatic steatosis","score":0.7419999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/liver-enzymes","display_name":"liver enzymes","score":0.3499999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/liver-ultrasound-screening","display_name":"liver ultrasound screening","score":0.3230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prediabetes-screening","display_name":"prediabetes screening","score":0.6179999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/liver-disease-screening","display_name":"liver disease screening","score":0.33500000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetes-risk-factors","display_name":"diabetes risk factors","score":0.36500000953674316}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.8260716199874878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779668308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2087205","display_name":"Prediabetes","level":4,"score":0.7665954828262329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555293320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","level":2,"score":0.6891944408416748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.6728915572166443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.5832745432853699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778772119","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6058862","display_name":"Fatty liver","level":3,"score":0.5601161122322083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777214474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147778","display_name":"Cirrhosis","level":2,"score":0.5528520941734314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90924648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q120569","display_name":"Gastroenterology","level":1,"score":0.5432731509208679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776954865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1546498","display_name":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","level":4,"score":0.5290509462356567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777075537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929737","display_name":"Liver disease","level":2,"score":0.511784017086029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777391703","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1053470","display_name":"Insulin resistance","level":3,"score":0.4663402736186981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779102576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5113984","display_name":"Chronic liver disease","level":3,"score":0.4580075442790985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776455275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154869","display_name":"Hepatitis C","level":2,"score":0.4561343789100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777185836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3306264","display_name":"Impaired fasting glucose","level":5,"score":0.420773446559906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777180221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3025883","display_name":"Type 2 diabetes","level":3,"score":0.36547815799713135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780609358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2087205","display_name":"Impaired glucose tolerance","level":4,"score":0.3107307255268097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.2725451588630676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.16918057203292847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:3133600226","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://europepmc.org/article/MED/33651558","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":1.0}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":118,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W113956026","https://openalex.org/W191600555","https://openalex.org/W1499407397","https://openalex.org/W1530231585","https://openalex.org/W1559380104","https://openalex.org/W1578939031","https://openalex.org/W1594849256","https://openalex.org/W1622799587","https://openalex.org/W1882068954","https://openalex.org/W1885882645","https://openalex.org/W1963683487","https://openalex.org/W1965423912","https://openalex.org/W1966112396","https://openalex.org/W1968943752","https://openalex.org/W1970881657","https://openalex.org/W1973347167","https://openalex.org/W1973775519","https://openalex.org/W1974792145","https://openalex.org/W1979851189","https://openalex.org/W1984454671","https://openalex.org/W1984931064","https://openalex.org/W1985559199","https://openalex.org/W1987222881","https://openalex.org/W1989146617","https://openalex.org/W1990055069","https://openalex.org/W1990240055","https://openalex.org/W1990978832","https://openalex.org/W1995721109","https://openalex.org/W1995862451","https://openalex.org/W1995913463","https://openalex.org/W1998877793","https://openalex.org/W2000698337","https://openalex.org/W2001382654","https://openalex.org/W2001837599","https://openalex.org/W2013166562","https://openalex.org/W2013488387","https://openalex.org/W2018117132","https://openalex.org/W2019598977","https://openalex.org/W2021737962","https://openalex.org/W2023046253","https://openalex.org/W2027038086","https://openalex.org/W2027211565","https://openalex.org/W2032583837","https://openalex.org/W2033149185","https://openalex.org/W2035094299","https://openalex.org/W2036807410","https://openalex.org/W2037467390","https://openalex.org/W2039764712","https://openalex.org/W2041096755","https://openalex.org/W2041186969","https://openalex.org/W2044150525","https://openalex.org/W2053331006","https://openalex.org/W2055098876","https://openalex.org/W2058335206","https://openalex.org/W2060669391","https://openalex.org/W2062067693","https://openalex.org/W2062812115","https://openalex.org/W2065656293","https://openalex.org/W2066502865","https://openalex.org/W2068150037","https://openalex.org/W2070443889","https://openalex.org/W2072390396","https://openalex.org/W2073233631","https://openalex.org/W2076173687","https://openalex.org/W2079179255","https://openalex.org/W2079609062","https://openalex.org/W2080236998","https://openalex.org/W2087829242","https://openalex.org/W2088779499","https://openalex.org/W2089535377","https://openalex.org/W2090303629","https://openalex.org/W2090699947","https://openalex.org/W2092983614","https://openalex.org/W2096091708","https://openalex.org/W2097270759","https://openalex.org/W2098620454","https://openalex.org/W2105059153","https://openalex.org/W2106272645","https://openalex.org/W2108803052","https://openalex.org/W2109780493","https://openalex.org/W2110348892","https://openalex.org/W2111946630","https://openalex.org/W2114618441","https://openalex.org/W2121016297","https://openalex.org/W2121021862","https://openalex.org/W2121790250","https://openalex.org/W2122405039","https://openalex.org/W2124402648","https://openalex.org/W2126732462","https://openalex.org/W2126919962","https://openalex.org/W2127403601","https://openalex.org/W2129865423","https://openalex.org/W2130453232","https://openalex.org/W2131025621","https://openalex.org/W2141557620","https://openalex.org/W2146299629","https://openalex.org/W2147372056","https://openalex.org/W2148327131","https://openalex.org/W2151256684","https://openalex.org/W2153013379","https://openalex.org/W2155820844","https://openalex.org/W2158468809","https://openalex.org/W2159338869","https://openalex.org/W2160188142","https://openalex.org/W2160234571","https://openalex.org/W2161911041","https://openalex.org/W2164252555","https://openalex.org/W2164475572","https://openalex.org/W2166067678","https://openalex.org/W2168186040","https://openalex.org/W2168650790","https://openalex.org/W2171498982","https://openalex.org/W2181441354","https://openalex.org/W2256309136","https://openalex.org/W2337728933","https://openalex.org/W2477872031","https://openalex.org/W2970792496","https://openalex.org/W4249825849"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3114175571","https://openalex.org/W2333753177","https://openalex.org/W1921643278","https://openalex.org/W2282609838","https://openalex.org/W2982232120","https://openalex.org/W2038321201","https://openalex.org/W2103343115","https://openalex.org/W2808544545","https://openalex.org/W341144978","https://openalex.org/W4311928635"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,389],"chapter":[1],"focuses":[2],"on":[3,135],"the":[4,30,33,52,55,94,108,173,183,234,239,282,300,386,454,458],"relationships":[5],"of":[6,20,35,43,51,57,98,110,114,150,154,175,182,227,233,241,277,297,333,349,355,385,402,406,416,422,431],"three":[7],"common":[8,452],"chronic":[9],"liver":[10,13,31,137,235,269,291,321],"diseases\u2014nonalcoholic":[11],"fatty":[12],"disease":[14,22,236,351,409,418,436,448],"(NAFLD),":[15],"viral":[16],"hepatitis,":[17],"and":[18,39,69,73,84,96,217,366,370,399,475],"cirrhosis\u2014and":[19],"gallstone":[21,350,408,417,435,447,476],"with":[23,66,79,125,146,194,229,245,288,363,376,419,434],"diabetes.NAFLD":[24],"requires":[25],"finding":[26],"fat":[27],"(steatosis)":[28],"in":[29,32,127,223,254,313,380],"absence":[34],"heavy":[36],"alcohol":[37],"consumption":[38],"other":[40,425],"secondary":[41],"causes":[42],"hepatic":[44],"steatosis.":[45],"In":[46,160,177],"a":[47,178,224,275,346,381,412,471],"nationally":[48,179,382],"representative":[49,180,383],"sample":[50,181,384],"U.S.":[53,184,387,465],"population,":[54,185],"prevalence":[56,348],"NAFLD":[58,106,126,133],"assessed":[59],"by":[60,359],"ultrasonography":[61],"was":[62,117,191,211,357,391,449],"greater":[63],"among":[64,123,243,338,361,441,453,464],"persons":[65,124,362,375],"diagnosed":[67,364],"(45.5%)":[68],"undiagnosed":[70,367],"(43.1%)":[71],"diabetes":[72,116,195,214,242,289,324,369,420,474],"prediabetes":[74,201,218,371],"(24.9%)":[75],"compared":[76,373,456],"to":[77,89,93,213,304,309,316,374,457],"those":[78,244,442],"normal":[80,377],"glucose":[81,260,342,378],"(15.9%).":[82],"Diabetes":[83],"insulin":[85,432,462],"resistance":[86,433,468],"are":[87],"thought":[88],"be":[90,470],"closely":[91],"linked":[92],"development":[95],"progression":[97],"NAFLD.":[99],"However,":[100],"there":[101,162],"is":[102,163,221,247,280],"also":[103,438],"evidence":[104,165],"that":[105,131,166,256],"increases":[107,172],"risk":[109,113,149,174,296,427],"diabetes.":[111,176,444],"The":[112],"incident":[115],"at":[118],"least":[119],"twice":[120],"as":[121,252,266,331],"high":[122,225,249,330,347],"several":[128],"prospective":[129],"studies":[130,156,255,405],"defined":[132],"based":[134],"elevated":[136],"enzymes.Hepatitis":[138],"C":[139],"virus":[140,169],"(HCV)":[141],"infection":[142,171,187,206],"has":[143,325,437],"been":[144,158,326,439],"associated":[145,193],"an":[147,294],"increased":[148,295],"diabetes,":[151,278],"although":[152],"results":[153],"population-based":[155],"have":[157,257,293],"inconsistent.":[159],"contrast,":[161],"little":[164],"hepatitis":[167],"B":[168],"(HBV)":[170],"HCV":[186,334],"(HCV":[188],"antibody":[189,209],"positive)":[190,210],"not":[192],"(odds":[196],"ratio":[197],"[OR]":[198],"0.8)":[199],"or":[200,308,353,424],"(OR":[202,215,219,318],"1.0).":[203],"Similarly,":[204],"HBV":[205],"(HBV":[207],"core":[208],"unrelated":[212],"1.0)":[216],"1.1).Diabetes":[220],"found":[222],"proportion":[226,240,283],"patients":[228,264,339],"cirrhosis":[230,246],"(35%\u201371%),":[231],"regardless":[232],"etiology.":[237],"Furthermore,":[238],"particularly":[248],"(as":[250,329],"much":[251],"71%)":[253],"included":[258],"oral":[259],"tolerance":[261],"testing.":[262],"Among":[263],"listed":[265],"candidates":[267],"for":[268,396],"transplantation,":[270,322],"more":[271,451],"than":[272],"one-quarter":[273],"carry":[274],"diagnosis":[276],"which":[279],"double":[281],"20":[284],"years":[285],"ago.":[286],"Patients":[287],"awaiting":[290],"transplantation":[292,307,317],"removal":[298],"from":[299],"waiting":[301],"list":[302],"due":[303],"dying":[305],"before":[306,344],"deteriorating":[310],"health":[311],"resulting":[312],"medical":[314],"contraindications":[315],"1.2).":[319],"After":[320],"new-onset":[323],"commonly":[327],"reported":[328],"54%":[332],"positive":[335],"patients),":[336],"usually":[337],"without":[340,443],"adequate":[341],"testing":[343],"transplantation.Finally,":[345],"(gallstones":[352],"history":[354],"cholecystectomy)":[356],"documented":[358],"ultrasound":[360],"(33.3%)":[365],"(23.3%)":[368],"(20.8%)":[372],"(16.7%)":[379],"population.":[388],"relationship":[390],"present":[392],"across":[393],"demographic":[394],"subgroups,":[395],"both":[397],"gallstones":[398],"cholecystectomy.":[400],"Review":[401],"published":[403],"epidemiologic":[404],"ultrasound-detected":[407],"likewise":[410],"indicates":[411],"fairly":[413],"consistent":[414],"association":[415,430],"independent":[421],"adiposity":[423],"shared":[426],"factors.":[428],"An":[429],"shown":[440],"For":[445],"example,":[446],"60%":[450],"highest":[455],"lowest":[459],"fasting":[460],"serum":[461],"quintile":[463],"women.":[466],"Insulin":[467],"may":[469],"link":[472],"between":[473],"disease.":[477]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2021-03-15T00:00:00"}