{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3133590770","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31926/but.pcs.2020.62.13.3.12","title":"Language policies and multilingualism in modern Tunisia","display_name":"Language policies and multilingualism in modern Tunisia","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-12-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3133590770","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31926/but.pcs.2020.62.13.3.12","mag":"3133590770"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.31926/but.pcs.2020.62.13.3.12","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31926/but.pcs.2020.62.13.3.12","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31926/but.pcs.2020.62.13.3.12","pdf_url":"https://webbut.unitbv.ro/index.php/Series_IV/article/download/522/459/809","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210184229","display_name":"Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Brasov Series IV Philology and Cultural Studies","issn_l":"2066-768X","issn":["2066-768X","2066-7698"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["erih-plus"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I3123573182","host_organization_name":"Transilvania University of Bra\u0219ov","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3123573182"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Bra\u0219ov, Series IV: Philology. Cultural Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://webbut.unitbv.ro/index.php/Series_IV/article/download/522/459/809","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057764213","display_name":"Ibtissem SMARI","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2096-9233","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2096-9233"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I140275651","display_name":"University of Pannonia","ror":"https://ror.org/03y5egs41","country_code":"HU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I140275651"]}],"countries":["HU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ibtissem SMARI","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pannonia, Veszpr\u00e9m, Hungary"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pannonia, Veszpr\u00e9m, Hungary","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I140275651"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110803024","display_name":"Ildik\u00f3 Hortob\u00e1gyi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I140275651","display_name":"University of Pannonia","ror":"https://ror.org/03y5egs41","country_code":"HU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I140275651"]}],"countries":["HU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ildik\u00f3 HORTOB\u00c1GYI","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pannonia, Veszpr\u00e9m, Hungary"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pannonia, Veszpr\u00e9m, Hungary","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I140275651"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I140275651"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5357,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8740732,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"13 (62)","issue":"Special Issue","first_page":"207","last_page":"232"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10265","display_name":"Multilingual Education and Policy","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3310","display_name":"Linguistics and Language"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10265","display_name":"Multilingual Education and Policy","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3310","display_name":"Linguistics and Language"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13727","display_name":"Linguistic and Sociocultural Studies","score":0.004800000227987766,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3310","display_name":"Linguistics and Language"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12585","display_name":"North African History and Literature","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-policy","display_name":"language policy","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multilingualism","display_name":"multilingualism","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tunisia","display_name":"Tunisia","score":0.9670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arabization","display_name":"Arabization","score":0.828000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bilingual-education","display_name":"bilingual education","score":0.9139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trilingual-education","display_name":"trilingual education","score":0.8320000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/english-as-a-foreign-language","display_name":"English as a foreign language","score":0.7829999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arabic-language-standardization","display_name":"Arabic language standardization","score":0.6420000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/french-language-decline","display_name":"French language decline","score":0.7860000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistic-identity","display_name":"linguistic identity","score":0.6100000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-reform","display_name":"educational reform","score":0.5720000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/new-media-communication","display_name":"new media communication","score":0.4650000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistic-landscape","display_name":"linguistic landscape","score":0.4909999966621399}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780035574","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30081","display_name":"Multilingualism","level":2,"score":0.7606772184371948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C556340858","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334451","display_name":"Language policy","level":2,"score":0.5711871385574341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.5363380312919617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.5074178576469421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154775046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188","display_name":"German","level":2,"score":0.5033990740776062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114010052","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150352","display_name":"Foreign language","level":2,"score":0.5030288100242615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542530943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190656","display_name":"Multiculturalism","level":2,"score":0.48364102840423584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778035315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17070152","display_name":"Multilingual Education","level":3,"score":0.4548150300979614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.38316810131073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.275510311126709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.31926/but.pcs.2020.62.13.3.12","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31926/but.pcs.2020.62.13.3.12","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31926/but.pcs.2020.62.13.3.12","pdf_url":"https://webbut.unitbv.ro/index.php/Series_IV/article/download/522/459/809","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210184229","display_name":"Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Brasov Series IV Philology and Cultural Studies","issn_l":"2066-768X","issn":["2066-768X","2066-7698"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["erih-plus"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I3123573182","host_organization_name":"Transilvania University of Bra\u0219ov","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3123573182"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Bra\u0219ov, Series IV: Philology. Cultural Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:webbut.unitbv.ro:article/522","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://webbut.unitbv.ro/index.php/Series_IV/article/view/522","pdf_url":"https://webbut.unitbv.ro/index.php/Series_IV/article/download/522/459","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210184229","display_name":"Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Brasov Series IV Philology and Cultural Studies","issn_l":"2066-768X","issn":["2066-768X","2066-7698"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["erih-plus"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I3123573182","host_organization_name":"Transilvania University of Bra\u0219ov","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3123573182"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"10.31926/but.pcs.2020.62.13.3","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:real.mtak.hu:135573","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://real.mtak.hu/135573/1/12-smari-hortobagyi-final.pdf","pdf_url":"http://real.mtak.hu/135573/1/12-smari-hortobagyi-final.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400081","display_name":"Repository of the Academy's Library (Library of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210140733","host_organization_name":"Library and Information Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210140733"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.31926/but.pcs.2020.62.13.3.12","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31926/but.pcs.2020.62.13.3.12","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31926/but.pcs.2020.62.13.3.12","pdf_url":"https://webbut.unitbv.ro/index.php/Series_IV/article/download/522/459/809","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210184229","display_name":"Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Brasov Series IV Philology and Cultural Studies","issn_l":"2066-768X","issn":["2066-768X","2066-7698"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["erih-plus"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I3123573182","host_organization_name":"Transilvania University of Bra\u0219ov","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3123573182"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Bra\u0219ov, Series IV: Philology. Cultural Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3133590770.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3133590770.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W45763859","https://openalex.org/W67767606","https://openalex.org/W162529891","https://openalex.org/W600849716","https://openalex.org/W1581725138","https://openalex.org/W1999370091","https://openalex.org/W2017756407","https://openalex.org/W2100323703","https://openalex.org/W2107386851","https://openalex.org/W2161524555","https://openalex.org/W2260495425","https://openalex.org/W2335682887","https://openalex.org/W2566388315","https://openalex.org/W2572784797","https://openalex.org/W2580198724","https://openalex.org/W2727172252","https://openalex.org/W2888003499","https://openalex.org/W4239672008","https://openalex.org/W4244746225","https://openalex.org/W4252930310","https://openalex.org/W6656541854"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W6894151969","https://openalex.org/W7221229769","https://openalex.org/W4200074499","https://openalex.org/W2127487394","https://openalex.org/W1828590230","https://openalex.org/W2025752072","https://openalex.org/W3014787696","https://openalex.org/W4415698667","https://openalex.org/W4226110809","https://openalex.org/W4411093146"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"\"In":[0],"a":[1,28,49,58,80,130,273],"multicultural":[2,55],"and":[3,18,26,38,71,78,91,101,116,184,212,235,267,295],"multilingual":[4,46],"world,":[5],"people":[6],"negotiate":[7],"their":[8],"identities":[9],"along":[10],"contextual":[11],"lines.":[12],"Online":[13],"mediated":[14],"information":[15],"about":[16],"countries":[17],"cultures":[19],"build":[20],"bridges":[21],"at":[22,66,291],"the":[23,42,45,67,83,104,113,121,125,128,139,163,176,190,196,246,250,253,259,263,268,284,292,297],"individual":[24],"level":[25,294],"create":[27],"sense":[29],"of":[30,44,48,61,69,89,124,133,141,189,198,255,262,265,270],"\u201cglobal":[31],"citizenship\u201d":[32],"(Hortobagyi":[33],"2015;":[34],"2017).":[35],"Languages":[36],"policies":[37,115,218,278],"linguistic":[39,63,90,277],"landscapes":[40],"facilitate":[41],"exploration":[43],"texture":[47],"country,":[50],"thus":[51],"research":[52],"in":[53,158,202,228,279,296],"imminently":[54],"environments":[56],"fosters":[57],"better":[59],"understanding":[60],"multiple":[62],"identities.":[64],"Situated":[65],"intersection":[68],"social":[70],"language":[72,122,180],"sciences,":[73],"drawing":[74],"on":[75,103,112],"relevant":[76],"literature":[77],"using":[79],"comparative":[81],"approach,":[82],"presentation":[84],"highlights":[85],"Tunisia\u2019s":[86],"long":[87],"history":[88],"political":[92,247],"confrontation":[93],"since":[94],"its":[95],"independence":[96,164],"from":[97],"France":[98],"(Riguet":[99],"1984)":[100],"focuses":[102],"educational":[105],"reforms":[106],"that":[107,152,239],"have":[108,219,240],"been":[109,136,171,243],"undertaken,":[110],"particularly":[111],"various":[114],"guidelines":[117],"pertaining":[118],"to":[119,155,182,222,245,252],"modifying":[120],"policy":[123],"country.":[126],"Since":[127],"1970s,":[129],"significant":[131],"process":[132],"Arabization":[134],"has":[135,169],"underway,":[137],"alongside":[138],"strengthening":[140],"bilingual":[142],"education,":[143,204],"which":[144,280],"was":[145],"launched":[146],"as":[147,149,175,206,272],"early":[148],"1956.":[150],"Considering":[151],"English":[153,174,271],"started":[154],"be":[156],"taught":[157],"Tunisian":[159,167,233],"schools":[160],"shortly":[161],"after":[162],"(Battenburg":[165],"1997),":[166],"education":[168],"always":[170],"trilingual":[172],"with":[173,287],"most":[177],"common":[178],"foreign":[179,200],"added":[181,244],"Arabic":[183,234,256],"French.":[185],"The":[186],"first":[187],"years":[188],"21st":[191],"century":[192],"were":[193],"marked":[194],"by":[195],"introduction":[197],"additional":[199],"languages":[201,238],"secondary":[203],"such":[205],"Russian,":[207],"Spanish,":[208],"Italian,":[209],"Chinese,":[210],"German,":[211],"Turkish":[213],"among":[214],"others.":[215],"All":[216],"these":[217],"allowed":[220],"Tunisia":[221],"access":[223],"modernity":[224],"(Messadi":[225],"1967":[226],"cited":[227],"Belazi":[229],"1991,":[230],"53).":[231],"Currently,":[232],"Berber":[236],"are":[237],"not":[241],"yet":[242],"agenda.":[248],"Nevertheless,":[249],"return":[251],"standardization":[254],"through":[257],"teaching,":[258],"noticeable":[260],"decline":[261],"use":[264],"French,":[266],"emergence":[269],"new":[274,285,298],"alternative,":[275],"indicate":[276],"multilingualism":[281],"is":[282],"becoming":[283],"norm,":[286],"manifest":[288],"representations":[289],"both":[290],"societal":[293],"media":[299],"communication.\"":[300]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-22T18:32:59.640997","created_date":"2021-03-15T00:00:00"}