{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3133544022","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14051210","title":"Exploring Structural Evolution of Portland Cement Blended with Supplementary Cementitious Materials in Seawater","display_name":"Exploring Structural Evolution of Portland Cement Blended with Supplementary Cementitious Materials in Seawater","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-03-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3133544022","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14051210","mag":"3133544022","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33806644","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7961532"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ma14051210","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14051210","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14051210","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/14/5/1210/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S18714766","display_name":"Materials","issn_l":"1996-1944","issn":["1996-1944"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Materials","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/14/5/1210/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073833528","display_name":"Solmoi Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0746-3940","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0746-3940"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8991828","display_name":"Pukyong National University","ror":"https://ror.org/0433kqc49","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8991828"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Solmoi Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan 48513, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0746-3940","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan 48513, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8991828"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045334550","display_name":"Jun Kil Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8542-9417","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8542-9417"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133437993","display_name":"Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/032m55064","country_code":"KR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133437993"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Kil Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Coastal Development and Ocean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, 385 Haeyang-ro, Yeongdo-gu, Busan 49111, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8542-9417","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Coastal Development and Ocean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, 385 Haeyang-ro, Yeongdo-gu, Busan 49111, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133437993"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001548387","display_name":"Namkon Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7389-8216","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7389-8216"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3019177047","display_name":"Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/035enhp47","country_code":"KR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801339556","https://openalex.org/I3019177047","https://openalex.org/I4210144908","https://openalex.org/I4387152098"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Namkon Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Structural Engineering Research Division, Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology, 283 Goyangdae-ro, Ilsanseo-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 10223, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Structural Engineering Research Division, Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology, 283 Goyangdae-ro, Ilsanseo-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 10223, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3019177047"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081522760","display_name":"Min Ook Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9506-1505","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9506-1505"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118373667","display_name":"Seoul National University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00chfja07","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118373667"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Min Ook Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, 232 Gongneung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01811, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9506-1505","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, 232 Gongneung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01811, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118373667"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5081522760"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118373667"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2160},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2160},"fwci":0.369,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.53587351,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"5","first_page":"1210","last_page":"1210"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10033","display_name":"Concrete and Cement Materials Research","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10033","display_name":"Concrete and Cement Materials Research","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12152","display_name":"Concrete Properties and Behavior","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13039","display_name":"Magnesium Oxide Properties and Applications","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/portland-cement","display_name":"Portland cement","score":0.9829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supplementary-cementitious-materials","display_name":"supplementary cementitious materials","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/seawater-exposure","display_name":"seawater exposure","score":0.9779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metakaolin","display_name":"metakaolin","score":0.7889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/silica-fume","display_name":"silica fume","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glass-powder","display_name":"glass powder","score":0.9629999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/portlandite-consumption","display_name":"portlandite consumption","score":0.9150000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compressive-strength","display_name":"compressive strength","score":0.9150000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cement-hydration","display_name":"cement hydration","score":0.6710000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brucite","display_name":"brucite","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calcite","display_name":"calcite","score":0.8339999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hydrotalcite","display_name":"hydrotalcite","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermodynamic-modeling","display_name":"thermodynamic modeling","score":0.8690000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-evolution","display_name":"structural evolution","score":0.6800000071525574}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126292034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4291516","display_name":"Metakaolin","level":3,"score":0.994572103023529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775899781","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q301805","display_name":"Portlandite","level":4,"score":0.9500818848609924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780021121","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844123","display_name":"Portland cement","level":3,"score":0.9115111827850342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779666059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45190","display_name":"Cementitious","level":3,"score":0.8678820133209229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777216531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q419250","display_name":"Brucite","level":3,"score":0.8392657041549683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11839303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2622096","display_name":"Silica fume","level":3,"score":0.8290096521377563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.7297900915145874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30407753","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186191","display_name":"Compressive strength","level":2,"score":0.7027976512908936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197248824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184395","display_name":"Seawater","level":2,"score":0.6652683019638062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C523993062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45190","display_name":"Cement","level":2,"score":0.6437427401542664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.5022969245910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132976073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2991861","display_name":"Curing (chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.4661034047603607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64792281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167525","display_name":"Hydrotalcite","level":3,"score":0.4552302956581116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42360764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83588","display_name":"Chemical engineering","level":1,"score":0.37824511528015137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191897082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11467","display_name":"Metallurgy","level":1,"score":0.33561110496520996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.18190467357635498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C543218039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660","display_name":"Magnesium","level":2,"score":0.0924566388130188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.07774043083190918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0707135796546936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161790260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82264","display_name":"Catalysis","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ma14051210","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14051210","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14051210","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/14/5/1210/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S18714766","display_name":"Materials","issn_l":"1996-1944","issn":["1996-1944"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Materials","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33806644","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33806644","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Materials (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7961532","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7961532/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Materials (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:cad8014d04834ee9a92c07bad0d520cb","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/cad8014d04834ee9a92c07bad0d520cb","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Materials, Vol 14, Iss 5, p 1210 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ma14051210","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14051210","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14051210","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/14/5/1210/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S18714766","display_name":"Materials","issn_l":"1996-1944","issn":["1996-1944"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Materials","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4943999946117401,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2800535822","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PE99933","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324117","funder_display_name":"Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324117","display_name":"Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/032m55064"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3133544022.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3133544022.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W198711434","https://openalex.org/W1966839396","https://openalex.org/W1971128104","https://openalex.org/W2002158524","https://openalex.org/W2007429962","https://openalex.org/W2032647107","https://openalex.org/W2048271631","https://openalex.org/W2050780966","https://openalex.org/W2052081367","https://openalex.org/W2056615650","https://openalex.org/W2063767705","https://openalex.org/W2067970266","https://openalex.org/W2122174857","https://openalex.org/W2141079576","https://openalex.org/W2194429095","https://openalex.org/W2426201011","https://openalex.org/W2532666961","https://openalex.org/W2593054604","https://openalex.org/W2594736724","https://openalex.org/W2600039784","https://openalex.org/W2605705707","https://openalex.org/W2626728503","https://openalex.org/W2883154389","https://openalex.org/W2896458282","https://openalex.org/W2897469279","https://openalex.org/W2899597749","https://openalex.org/W2918573046","https://openalex.org/W2997647976","https://openalex.org/W3018232694","https://openalex.org/W3027573633","https://openalex.org/W6772468479"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4220902373","https://openalex.org/W7212049953","https://openalex.org/W4400008101","https://openalex.org/W2918573046","https://openalex.org/W4402188176","https://openalex.org/W4243630900","https://openalex.org/W2957146736","https://openalex.org/W1038727431","https://openalex.org/W4380204329","https://openalex.org/W2041139572"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,19,36,61,85,139],"present":[1],"study":[2],"investigated":[3],"the":[4,43,50,58,90,111,120,129,133,158],"structural":[5],"evolution":[6],"of":[7,39,94,110,122,132,165,177],"Portland":[8,25],"cement":[9,26],"(PC)":[10],"incorporating":[11,87],"supplementary":[12],"cementitious":[13],"materials":[14],"(SCMs)":[15],"exposed":[16,63],"to":[17,64,74,114,118,147,171],"seawater.":[18],"samples":[20,86],"were":[21],"made":[22],"with":[23,27],"replacing":[24],"10":[28],"mass-%":[29],"silica":[30],"fume,":[31],"metakaolin":[32,48,88],"or":[33],"glass":[34],"powder.":[35],"reaction":[37,52,141],"degree":[38],"SCMs":[40],"estimated":[41],"by":[42,157],"portlandite":[44],"consumption":[45],"shows":[46],"that":[47,109,143,161],"has":[49],"highest":[51,59,91],"degree,":[53],"thus":[54],"metakaolin-blended":[55],"PC":[56,135],"exhibits":[57],"strength.":[60],"control":[62],"seawater":[65,115,148],"exhibited":[66],"14.82%":[67],"and":[68,82,103,151,168],"12.14%":[69],"higher":[70,107],"compressive":[71,92],"strengths":[72],"compared":[73],"those":[75],"cured":[76],"in":[77,124],"tap":[78,100],"water":[79,101],"at":[80,97,173],"7":[81],"28":[83],"days.":[84],"showed":[89],"strength":[93,130],"76.60":[95],"MPa":[96],"90":[98],"days":[99],"curing":[102],"this":[104],"was":[105],"17%":[106],"than":[108],"control.":[112],"Exposure":[113],"is":[116,137,149,155,170],"found":[117],"retard":[119],"rate":[121],"hydration":[123],"all":[125],"SCM-incorporating":[126],"systems,":[127],"while":[128,153],"development":[131],"neat":[134],"system":[136],"enhanced.":[138],"main":[140],"product":[142],"forms":[144],"during":[145],"exposure":[146,178],"Cl-AFm":[150],"brucite,":[152],"it":[154],"predicted":[156],"thermodynamic":[159],"modelling":[160],"a":[162],"significant":[163],"amount":[164],"M-S-H,":[166],"calcite":[167],"hydrotalcite":[169],"form":[172],"an":[174],"extended":[175],"period":[176],"time.":[179]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2021-03-15T00:00:00"}