{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3133506953","doi":null,"title":"Spatial Distribution of HIV/AIDS in Botswana","display_name":"Spatial Distribution of HIV/AIDS in Botswana","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3133506953","mag":"3133506953"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.nwu.ac.za:10394/36872","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10394/36872","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402268","display_name":"Boloka Institutional Repository (North-west University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I114027177","host_organization_name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Thesis"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036951367","display_name":"T. Mupundu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"T. Mupundu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5036951367"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10082","display_name":"HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions","score":0.9101999998092651,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10082","display_name":"HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions","score":0.9101999998092651,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14334","display_name":"HIV/AIDS Impact and Responses","score":0.07339999824762344,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11860","display_name":"HIV, Drug Use, Sexual Risk","score":0.005799999926239252,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hiv-aids-prevalence","display_name":"HIV/AIDS prevalence","score":0.9419999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-distribution","display_name":"spatial distribution","score":0.8980000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/botswana","display_name":"Botswana","score":0.9269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hiv-hotspots","display_name":"HIV hotspots","score":0.675000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-autocorrelation","display_name":"spatial autocorrelation","score":0.7229999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-factors","display_name":"risk factors","score":0.5979999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-differences","display_name":"gender differences","score":0.4569999873638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marital-status","display_name":"marital status","score":0.7770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/occupational-status","display_name":"occupational status","score":0.6290000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kriging","display_name":"kriging","score":0.6340000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inverse-distance-weighting","display_name":"inverse distance weighting","score":0.9269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-neighbor-interpolation","display_name":"natural neighbor interpolation","score":0.9729999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/getis-ord-gi-statistic","display_name":"Getis-Ord Gi*","score":0.6700000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/moran-s-i","display_name":"Moran's I","score":0.7739999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/local-indicators-of-spatial-association","display_name":"local indicators of spatial association","score":0.6940000057220459}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3013748606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15787","display_name":"Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)","level":2,"score":0.711362361907959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.513450026512146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110121322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865811","display_name":"Distribution (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5000596046447754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777016058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7574061","display_name":"Spatial distribution","level":2,"score":0.4673160910606384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.388564795255661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.38393837213516235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.3229525089263916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159047783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215","display_name":"Virology","level":1,"score":0.3062315881252289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.13001516461372375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.09767073392868042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.nwu.ac.za:10394/36872","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10394/36872","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402268","display_name":"Boloka Institutional Repository (North-west University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I114027177","host_organization_name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Thesis"},{"id":"mag:3133506953","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://dspace.nwu.ac.za/handle/10394/36872","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.98580002784729,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.4074000120162964,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":94,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W133194096","https://openalex.org/W154394869","https://openalex.org/W221858247","https://openalex.org/W372789814","https://openalex.org/W594503987","https://openalex.org/W901465382","https://openalex.org/W1497373960","https://openalex.org/W1497396804","https://openalex.org/W1505962124","https://openalex.org/W1507700505","https://openalex.org/W1523780069","https://openalex.org/W1571356903","https://openalex.org/W1868834101","https://openalex.org/W1963733439","https://openalex.org/W1967058376","https://openalex.org/W1967717941","https://openalex.org/W1973749534","https://openalex.org/W1981101120","https://openalex.org/W1983845714","https://openalex.org/W1986149296","https://openalex.org/W1987892589","https://openalex.org/W1990936302","https://openalex.org/W1993996194","https://openalex.org/W1995992835","https://openalex.org/W2000157144","https://openalex.org/W2000572789","https://openalex.org/W2004823665","https://openalex.org/W2009600349","https://openalex.org/W2011188051","https://openalex.org/W2025932664","https://openalex.org/W2032839034","https://openalex.org/W2034921501","https://openalex.org/W2037896468","https://openalex.org/W2039555578","https://openalex.org/W2040913385","https://openalex.org/W2045600648","https://openalex.org/W2045918174","https://openalex.org/W2051091546","https://openalex.org/W2051196544","https://openalex.org/W2054402987","https://openalex.org/W2065345805","https://openalex.org/W2073938804","https://openalex.org/W2075576011","https://openalex.org/W2083588554","https://openalex.org/W2087555666","https://openalex.org/W2091029485","https://openalex.org/W2092981979","https://openalex.org/W2093744499","https://openalex.org/W2100155287","https://openalex.org/W2104051084","https://openalex.org/W2105321992","https://openalex.org/W2106584825","https://openalex.org/W2115373328","https://openalex.org/W2117947229","https://openalex.org/W2118898434","https://openalex.org/W2120305833","https://openalex.org/W2121586207","https://openalex.org/W2127761573","https://openalex.org/W2128002149","https://openalex.org/W2130356454","https://openalex.org/W2131586477","https://openalex.org/W2133496341","https://openalex.org/W2134603694","https://openalex.org/W2134687643","https://openalex.org/W2135177752","https://openalex.org/W2140610420","https://openalex.org/W2141703543","https://openalex.org/W2143022286","https://openalex.org/W2143071104","https://openalex.org/W2143895329","https://openalex.org/W2146428988","https://openalex.org/W2149659534","https://openalex.org/W2154417027","https://openalex.org/W2155933810","https://openalex.org/W2157642875","https://openalex.org/W2160873642","https://openalex.org/W2163523004","https://openalex.org/W2165667872","https://openalex.org/W2166487019","https://openalex.org/W2167769907","https://openalex.org/W2169019979","https://openalex.org/W2169613114","https://openalex.org/W2169707207","https://openalex.org/W2171608956","https://openalex.org/W2172082839","https://openalex.org/W2188243768","https://openalex.org/W2216326501","https://openalex.org/W2246870209","https://openalex.org/W2253288643","https://openalex.org/W2563906779","https://openalex.org/W2808606411","https://openalex.org/W2905290611","https://openalex.org/W2989265742","https://openalex.org/W3147181238"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4406408087","https://openalex.org/W2075576011","https://openalex.org/W2031240495","https://openalex.org/W7098830348","https://openalex.org/W3136451511","https://openalex.org/W4323663431","https://openalex.org/W2034921501","https://openalex.org/W2052338330","https://openalex.org/W4404240565","https://openalex.org/W3191901494"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background:":[0],"The":[1,14,54,103,379,413],"HIV/":[2,143,186,204,367,404,417,471],"AIDS":[3,86,144,187,205,368,405,418],"epidemic":[4,18],"poses":[5],"a":[6,92,232,303,431],"serious":[7],"challenge":[8],"worldwide":[9],"and":[10,33,63,76,100,124,148,158,171,223,227,256,265,281,299,308,319,324,330,340,343,361,375,390,423,455],"threatens":[11],"human":[12],"welfare.":[13],"severity":[15],"of":[16,43,47,72,105,142,150,165,185,203,218,306,311,387,403,410,416,426,437],"this":[17,106],"varies":[19],"from":[20,83],"district":[21,23,289],"to":[22,39,58,138,176,194,244,355,399],"in":[24,31,116,371,406,445,466],"Botswana,":[25],"with":[26,200,213,225,259,276,302,326,350,470],"the":[27,44,69,84,216,248,293,334,336,357,362,372,376,385,394,400,407,420,424,446,456],"highest":[28,217],"prevalence":[29,49,152,234],"recorded":[30],"Selebi-Phikwe":[32,214],"North-East":[34],"districts.":[35,119,378,448],"This":[36,78],"study":[37,55,79,107],"seeks":[38,57],"provide":[40],"an":[41],"update":[42],"spatial":[45,70,166,201,401,414,453],"distribution":[46,71,202,402],"HIV/AIDS":[48,73,209,240,272],"using":[50,155],"different":[51,447],"interpolation":[52,127,359],"procedures.":[53],"also":[56,242,317],"identify":[59,177,195],"socio-economic,":[60],"geographic,":[61],"demographic":[62],"behavioural":[64],"risk":[65,310,396,458],"factors":[66,196,397,468],"that":[67,179,197,271,366,383,430],"promote":[68],"prevalence.":[74,145,206],"Data":[75],"Methods:":[77],"used":[80,130,193],"secondary":[81,314],"data":[82],"Botswana":[85],"Impact":[87],"Survey":[88],"IV":[89],"(BAIS":[90],"IV),":[91],"nationally":[93],"representative":[94],"sample":[95],"survey":[96],"conducted":[97],"between":[98],"January":[99],"April":[101],"2013.":[102],"respondents":[104],"were":[108,129,153,174,198,316],"116482":[109],"HIV":[110,151],"positive":[111],"individuals":[112],"aged":[113],"15-49":[114],"years":[115],"12":[117],"selected":[118,408,421],"Inverse":[120],"distance":[121],"weighting,":[122],"kriging":[123,349],"natural":[125],"neighbour":[126],"methods":[128],"within":[131],"ArcGIS":[132],"Geographic":[133],"information":[134],"systems":[135],"(GIS)":[136],"software":[137],"generate":[139],"continuous":[140,363],"surfaces":[141],"Spatial":[146],"autocorrelation":[147],"clustering":[149],"analysed":[154],"Moran's":[156,263],"I":[157,264],"Getis-Ord":[159,169],"General":[160,267],"G":[161,268],"statistics.":[162],"Local":[163],"indicator":[164],"association":[167],"(LISA),":[168],"Gi*":[170],"Kulldorff":[172],"scans":[173],"employed":[175],"districts":[178,409,422],"had":[180],"high":[181,212],"or":[182],"low":[183],"concentration":[184],"(Hot/Cold":[188],"spots).":[189],"Logistic":[190],"regression":[191,462],"was":[192,241,290,353,464],"associated":[199,469],"Results:":[207],"Overall":[208],"rates":[210],"are":[211,321,393],"having":[215],"18.6%":[219],"followed":[220],"by":[221,295],"Francistown":[222,323],"Central-Mahalapye":[224,325],"15.7%":[226],"13.8%":[228],"respectively.":[229,287,332],"Females":[230],"have":[231],"higher":[233,246],"rate":[235],"(62.7%)":[236],"than":[237],"men":[238],"(37.3%).":[239],"observed":[243],"be":[245,356,441],"among":[247,257],"unmarried":[249],"(47.7%),":[250],"Christians":[251],"(82.6%),":[252],"fulltime":[253],"workers":[254],"(40.5)":[255],"those":[258],"junior":[260],"education":[261],"(44.9%).":[262],"Getis":[266,300],"statistics":[269],"revealed":[270,338],"is":[273,369],"spatially":[274],"distributed":[275],"values":[277],"0.135,":[278],"p=":[279],"0.0481":[280],"Z":[282],"=":[283],"24101.":[284],"P":[285],"=0.016":[286],"Central-Serowe":[288],"identified":[291,318,457],"as":[292,345],"hotspot":[294],"both":[296],"Kulrdoff":[297],"scan":[298],"Ord":[301],"Log":[304],"likelihood":[305],"11248.11":[307],"relative":[309,327],"7.6.":[312],"Three":[313],"clusters":[315],"these":[320],"Selebi-Phikwe,":[322],"1.36,":[328],"1.16":[329],"0.28":[331],"On":[333],"contrary,":[335],"results":[337],"Ngwakwetse":[339],"Kgalagadi":[341],"north":[342],"south":[344],"cold":[346],"spots.":[347],"Ordinary":[348],"RMSE":[351],"(6.3263)":[352],"found":[354],"best":[358],"method":[360],"maps":[364],"indicated":[365],"concentrated":[370],"south,":[373],"northeast":[374],"central":[377],"logit":[380],"model":[381,463],"showed":[382],"alcohol,":[384],"number":[386],"sexual":[388],"partners":[389],"condom":[391],"use":[392],"common":[395],"contributing":[398],"Botswana.":[411],"Conclusion:":[412],"differences":[415],"across":[419],"identification":[425],"hot/cold":[427],"spots":[428],"suggest":[429],"one":[432],"size":[433],"fits":[434],"all":[435],"kind":[436],"intervention":[438],"might":[439],"not":[440],"suitable":[442],"for":[443],"implementation":[444],"Intervention":[449],"should":[450],"therefore,":[451],"incorporate":[452],"variability":[454],"factors.":[459],"Reduced":[460],"logistic":[461],"significant":[465],"identifying":[467],"AIDS.":[472]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-19T15:00:24.278416","created_date":"2021-03-15T00:00:00"}
