{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3132865271","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f12030265","title":"The Effect of LiDAR Sampling Density on DTM Accuracy for Areas with Heavy Forest Cover","display_name":"The Effect of LiDAR Sampling Density on DTM Accuracy for Areas with Heavy Forest Cover","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-02-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3132865271","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f12030265","mag":"3132865271"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/f12030265","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f12030265","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f12030265","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/12/3/265/pdf?version=1614269765","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S71324801","display_name":"Forests","issn_l":"1999-4907","issn":["1999-4907"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Forests","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/12/3/265/pdf?version=1614269765","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034196923","display_name":"Mihnea C\u0103\u021beanu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3692-1050","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3692-1050"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3123573182","display_name":"Transilvania University of Bra\u0219ov","ror":"https://ror.org/01cg9ws23","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3123573182"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mihnea C\u0103\u021beanu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Forest Engineering, Forest Management Planning and Terrestrial Measurements, Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Transilvania University of Bra\u0219ov, \u0218irul Beethoven 1, 500123 Bra\u0219ov, Romania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Forest Engineering, Forest Management Planning and Terrestrial Measurements, Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Transilvania University of Bra\u0219ov, \u0218irul Beethoven 1, 500123 Bra\u0219ov, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3123573182"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065674292","display_name":"Arcadie Ciubotaru","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3123573182","display_name":"Transilvania University of Bra\u0219ov","ror":"https://ror.org/01cg9ws23","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3123573182"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arcadie Ciubotaru","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Forest Engineering, Forest Management Planning and Terrestrial Measurements, Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Transilvania University of Bra\u0219ov, \u0218irul Beethoven 1, 500123 Bra\u0219ov, Romania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Forest Engineering, Forest Management Planning and Terrestrial Measurements, Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Transilvania University of Bra\u0219ov, \u0218irul Beethoven 1, 500123 Bra\u0219ov, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3123573182"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5034196923"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3123573182"],"apc_list":{"value":1800,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1944},"apc_paid":{"value":1800,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1944},"fwci":4.7253,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":44,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95513705,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"3","first_page":"265","last_page":"265"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1107","display_name":"Forestry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1107","display_name":"Forestry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10770","display_name":"Soil Geostatistics and Mapping","score":0.0017000000225380063,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11211","display_name":"3D Surveying and Cultural Heritage","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"LiDAR","score":0.9750000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-terrain-model","display_name":"digital terrain model","score":0.8220000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sampling-density","display_name":"sampling density","score":0.7609999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forested-terrain","display_name":"forested terrain","score":0.6850000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpolation-methods","display_name":"interpolation methods","score":0.7089999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inverse-distance-weighting","display_name":"inverse distance weighting","score":0.8939999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thin-plate-splines","display_name":"thin-plate splines","score":0.9869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/slope-estimation","display_name":"slope estimation","score":0.7620000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dtm-accuracy","display_name":"DTM accuracy","score":0.7720000147819519}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.9039894342422485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161840515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186131","display_name":"Terrain","level":2,"score":0.7087810039520264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181843262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q640492","display_name":"Digital elevation model","level":2,"score":0.6881269216537476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.686853289604187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131979681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1899648","display_name":"Point cloud","level":2,"score":0.6658492684364319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137800194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11713455","display_name":"Interpolation (computer graphics)","level":3,"score":0.6475603580474854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140779682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210868","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","level":3,"score":0.5701712369918823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780648208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3001793","display_name":"Land cover","level":3,"score":0.4201357960700989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37054046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641888","display_name":"Elevation (ballistics)","level":2,"score":0.4142623543739319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203332170","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6334079","display_name":"Multivariate interpolation","level":3,"score":0.41160088777542114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181844469","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182270","display_name":"Raster graphics","level":2,"score":0.41146740317344666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3350884020328522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2747099995613098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.26299023628234863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.25702863931655884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.2564101219177246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.17142808437347412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.166835218667984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4792198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165944","display_name":"Land use","level":2,"score":0.10741865634918213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.10693076252937317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.09055444598197937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.0778321921825409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205203396","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q612143","display_name":"Bilinear interpolation","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104114177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79782","display_name":"Motion (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/f12030265","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f12030265","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f12030265","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/12/3/265/pdf?version=1614269765","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S71324801","display_name":"Forests","issn_l":"1999-4907","issn":["1999-4907"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Forests","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9488cc89f3124ee7adebc191d77b9451","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9488cc89f3124ee7adebc191d77b9451","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Forests, Vol 12, Iss 265, p 265 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/f12030265","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f12030265","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/f12030265","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/12/3/265/pdf?version=1614269765","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S71324801","display_name":"Forests","issn_l":"1999-4907","issn":["1999-4907"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Forests","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life on land","score":0.7605999708175659,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3132865271.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3132865271.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W174107858","https://openalex.org/W1963874488","https://openalex.org/W1972508359","https://openalex.org/W1974789528","https://openalex.org/W1985896998","https://openalex.org/W1987656037","https://openalex.org/W1988696756","https://openalex.org/W1995612336","https://openalex.org/W2001955972","https://openalex.org/W2006286431","https://openalex.org/W2011367408","https://openalex.org/W2011938923","https://openalex.org/W2014091167","https://openalex.org/W2022113163","https://openalex.org/W2047030165","https://openalex.org/W2053175758","https://openalex.org/W2053349525","https://openalex.org/W2055580833","https://openalex.org/W2069016826","https://openalex.org/W2070193374","https://openalex.org/W2071414858","https://openalex.org/W2076858496","https://openalex.org/W2087018060","https://openalex.org/W2089532340","https://openalex.org/W2098919237","https://openalex.org/W2104252070","https://openalex.org/W2104977717","https://openalex.org/W2110720153","https://openalex.org/W2120612314","https://openalex.org/W2121705104","https://openalex.org/W2132321682","https://openalex.org/W2133881105","https://openalex.org/W2147169375","https://openalex.org/W2161683853","https://openalex.org/W2163819245","https://openalex.org/W2168178486","https://openalex.org/W2238225616","https://openalex.org/W2325115425","https://openalex.org/W2466494297","https://openalex.org/W2505947133","https://openalex.org/W2524843155","https://openalex.org/W2536582344","https://openalex.org/W2591864944","https://openalex.org/W2751581825","https://openalex.org/W2790088494","https://openalex.org/W2795543033","https://openalex.org/W2871665063","https://openalex.org/W2936497219","https://openalex.org/W2948404297","https://openalex.org/W2999133601","https://openalex.org/W3006471562","https://openalex.org/W3015329906","https://openalex.org/W3116468233","https://openalex.org/W4211113887","https://openalex.org/W4229562638","https://openalex.org/W4254780327","https://openalex.org/W7042789731"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3015329906","https://openalex.org/W2755203585","https://openalex.org/W4404685613","https://openalex.org/W2225030682","https://openalex.org/W4205770311","https://openalex.org/W7101024910","https://openalex.org/W4399753080","https://openalex.org/W7214897507","https://openalex.org/W35643584","https://openalex.org/W7036146810"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Laser":[0],"scanning":[1],"via":[2,51],"LiDAR":[3,23,70,159,200,279],"is":[4,73,195,203,222,246,261,280,299],"a":[5,46,56,151,174,218],"powerful":[6],"technique":[7],"for":[8,12,42,284,289],"collecting":[9,285],"data":[10,71,113,131,287],"necessary":[11,288],"Digital":[13,47],"Terrain":[14,48],"Model":[15,49],"(DTM)":[16,50],"generation,":[17],"even":[18,198,262,294],"in":[19,146,178,252,266],"densely":[20],"forested":[21],"areas.":[22],"observations":[24,145],"located":[25],"at":[26],"the":[27,34,43,60,109,120,126,129,156,167,183,192,211,239,244,250,257,267,291,296],"ground":[28,123,160,292],"level":[29],"can":[30],"be":[31,228],"separated":[32],"from":[33,69],"initial":[35,212],"point":[36,112,144,161,170,213],"cloud":[37],"and":[38,72,100,256],"used":[39,223],"as":[40,215,217],"input":[41],"generation":[44],"of":[45,59,62,111,122,128,154,158,169,191,210,241,269],"interpolation.":[52],"This":[53,149],"paper":[54],"proposes":[55],"quantitative":[57],"analysis":[58],"accuracy":[61,190,253],"DTMs":[63,194],"(and":[64],"derived":[65],"slope":[66,242],"maps)":[67],"obtained":[68],"focused":[74,107],"on":[75,108,119,163,273],"conditions":[76],"common":[77],"to":[78,138,173,205,227,231],"most":[79],"forestry":[80],"activities":[81],"(rough,":[82],"steep":[83],"terrain":[84],"with":[85],"forest":[86],"cover).":[87],"Three":[88],"interpolation":[89,220],"algorithms":[90,260],"were":[91],"tested:":[92],"Inverse":[93],"Distance":[94],"Weighted":[95],"(IDW),":[96],"Natural":[97],"Neighbour":[98],"(NN)":[99],"Thin-Plate":[101],"Spline":[102],"(TPS).":[103],"Research":[104],"was":[105,133],"mainly":[106],"issue":[110],"density.":[114],"To":[115],"analyze":[116],"its":[117],"impact":[118,157],"quality":[121],"surface":[124],"modelling,":[125],"density":[127,162,171,202,232,298],"filtered":[130],"set":[132],"artificially":[134],"lowered":[135],"(from":[136],"0.89":[137],"0.09":[139],"points/m2)":[140],"by":[141,187],"randomly":[142],"removing":[143],"10%":[147],"increments.":[148],"provides":[150],"comprehensive":[152],"method":[153,283],"evaluating":[155],"DTM":[164,177,270],"accuracy.":[165,271],"While":[166],"reduction":[168],"leads":[172],"less":[175,229],"accurate":[176],"all":[179],"cases":[180],"(as":[181,224],"expected),":[182],"exact":[184],"pattern":[185,245],"varies":[186],"algorithm.":[188],"The":[189],"LiDAR-derived":[193],"relatively":[196,247],"good":[197],"when":[199,295],"sampling":[201,297],"reduced":[204],"0.40\u20130.50":[206],"points/m2":[207],"(50\u201360":[208],"%":[209],"density),":[214],"long":[216],"suitable":[219],"algorithm":[221],"IDW":[225,255],"proved":[226],"resilient":[230],"reductions":[233],"below":[234],"approximately":[235],"0.60":[236],"points/m2).":[237],"In":[238],"case":[240,268],"estimation,":[243],"similar,":[248],"except":[249],"difference":[251],"between":[254],"other":[258],"two":[259],"more":[263],"pronounced":[264],"than":[265],"Based":[272],"this":[274],"research,":[275],"we":[276],"conclude":[277],"that":[278],"an":[281],"adequate":[282],"morphological":[286],"modelling":[290],"surface,":[293],"significantly":[300],"reduced.":[301]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2021-03-01T00:00:00"}
