{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3132456965","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2020.0822","title":"Effectiveness of non-pharmaceutical interventions to contain COVID-19: a case study of the 2020 spring pandemic wave in New York City","display_name":"Effectiveness of non-pharmaceutical interventions to contain COVID-19: a case study of the 2020 spring pandemic wave in New York City","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3132456965","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2020.0822","mag":"3132456965","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33620263","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8086874"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1098/rsif.2020.0822","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2020.0822","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2020.0822","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S129150467","display_name":"Journal of The Royal Society Interface","issn_l":"1742-5662","issn":["1742-5662","1742-5689"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319787","host_organization_name":"Royal Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319787"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Royal Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of The Royal Society Interface","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2020.0822","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061502421","display_name":"Wan Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7555-9728","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7555-9728"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wan Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041575786","display_name":"Jaimie Shaff","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8289-3997","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8289-3997"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1334095494","display_name":"New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene","ror":"https://ror.org/01gst4g14","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1334095494"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaimie Shaff","raw_affiliation_strings":["New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1334095494"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006605951","display_name":"Jeffrey L. Shaman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7216-7809","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7216-7809"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeffrey Shaman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5061502421"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.3321,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":56,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9519241,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"175","first_page":"20200822","last_page":"20200822"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10410","display_name":"COVID-19 epidemiological studies","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2611","display_name":"Modeling and Simulation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10410","display_name":"COVID-19 epidemiological studies","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2611","display_name":"Modeling and Simulation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13032","display_name":"COVID-19 Prevention and Impact","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10118","display_name":"SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covid-19","display_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sars-cov-2-transmission","display_name":"SARS-CoV-2 transmission","score":0.9279999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-pharmaceutical-interventions","display_name":"non-pharmaceutical interventions","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lockdown-measures","display_name":"lockdown measures","score":0.7459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/universal-masking","display_name":"universal masking","score":0.7379999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face-coverings","display_name":"face coverings","score":0.921999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission-reduction","display_name":"transmission reduction","score":0.5360000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contact-rate","display_name":"contact rate","score":0.578000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobility-data","display_name":"mobility data","score":0.7540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/under-detection","display_name":"under-detection","score":0.9190000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/age-specific-transmission","display_name":"age-specific transmission","score":0.7390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/new-york-city","display_name":"New York City","score":0.8330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intervention-effectiveness","display_name":"intervention effectiveness","score":0.5609999895095825}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382","display_name":"Psychological intervention","level":2,"score":0.7977316379547119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89623803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12184","display_name":"Pandemic","level":5,"score":0.7924982905387878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.7158704996109009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994107952","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1814351","display_name":"Public health interventions","level":3,"score":0.699935257434845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.6326889395713806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777402240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6783436","display_name":"Masking (illustration)","level":2,"score":0.5987503528594971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.5799453258514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2909791563","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5428367","display_name":"Face masks","level":5,"score":0.5547107458114624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.5523300766944885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107130276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133805","display_name":"Epidemiology","level":2,"score":0.468569278717041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780665704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959298","display_name":"Intervention (counseling)","level":2,"score":0.4621148407459259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.45324862003326416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172656115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2142613","display_name":"Social distance","level":5,"score":0.4439714252948761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3007834351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82069695","display_name":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)","level":5,"score":0.41055986285209656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.39276552200317383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3153994083404541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.11762091517448425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.10778835415840149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.09417715668678284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.08493685722351074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000086382","descriptor_name":"COVID-19","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000086382","descriptor_name":"COVID-19","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000086402","descriptor_name":"SARS-CoV-2","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008954","descriptor_name":"Models, Biological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009519","descriptor_name":"New York City","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D058873","descriptor_name":"Pandemics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1098/rsif.2020.0822","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2020.0822","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2020.0822","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S129150467","display_name":"Journal of The Royal Society Interface","issn_l":"1742-5662","issn":["1742-5662","1742-5689"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319787","host_organization_name":"Royal Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319787"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Royal Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of The Royal Society Interface","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.1101/2020.09.08.20190710","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.08.20190710","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.09.08.20190710","pdf_url":"https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2020/12/27/2020.09.08.20190710.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S3005729997","display_name":"medRxiv","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315909"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"medRxiv","raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8086874","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8086874","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"J R Soc Interface","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:33620263","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33620263","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the Royal Society, Interface","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1098/rsif.2020.0822","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2020.0822","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2020.0822","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S129150467","display_name":"Journal of The Royal Society Interface","issn_l":"1742-5662","issn":["1742-5662","1742-5689"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319787","host_organization_name":"Royal Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319787"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Royal Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of The Royal Society Interface","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9537000060081482,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"},{"score":0.4000000059604645,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1636177350","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"COVID-19","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337355","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2449913185","display_name":"Disease Persistence and Population Dynamics:\u00a0Modeling Measles under Mass Vaccination","funder_award_id":"R01AI145883","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337355","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5986368427","display_name":"RAPID: Inference, Forecasting, and Intervention Modeling of COVID-19","funder_award_id":"2027369","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7887748266","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AI145883","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337355","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308066","display_name":"New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene","ror":"https://ror.org/01gst4g14"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337355","display_name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","ror":"https://ror.org/043z4tv69"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337841","display_name":"Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1687919521","https://openalex.org/W1967940959","https://openalex.org/W2159301256","https://openalex.org/W2179584279","https://openalex.org/W3003573988","https://openalex.org/W3003668884","https://openalex.org/W3008818676","https://openalex.org/W3012284084","https://openalex.org/W3013862524","https://openalex.org/W3013967887","https://openalex.org/W3014493418","https://openalex.org/W3015571324","https://openalex.org/W3016154320","https://openalex.org/W3019643748","https://openalex.org/W3024470475","https://openalex.org/W3025090814","https://openalex.org/W3029705204","https://openalex.org/W3030991920","https://openalex.org/W3035011439","https://openalex.org/W3035359037","https://openalex.org/W3043457217","https://openalex.org/W3048140877","https://openalex.org/W3087095039","https://openalex.org/W3092832410","https://openalex.org/W3093046487","https://openalex.org/W3121194260","https://openalex.org/W3127521258","https://openalex.org/W3165838540","https://openalex.org/W6600127060","https://openalex.org/W6979026940"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4318716571","https://openalex.org/W3094748477","https://openalex.org/W4390492452","https://openalex.org/W3111564425","https://openalex.org/W4403501836","https://openalex.org/W4392384289","https://openalex.org/W7037804340","https://openalex.org/W3034825141","https://openalex.org/W3175958360","https://openalex.org/W3126305736"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"COVID-19":[1,43,148],"continues":[2],"to":[3,19,97,131,140,145],"pose":[4],"significant":[5],"public":[6,14],"health":[7,15],"threats,":[8],"quantifying":[9],"the":[10,42,48,55,105,138,151],"effectiveness":[11,56],"of":[12,57,108,153],"different":[13],"interventions":[16,143],"is":[17],"crucial":[18],"inform":[20],"intervention":[21],"strategies.":[22],"Using":[23],"detailed":[24],"epidemiological":[25],"and":[26,34,53,67,95],"mobility":[27],"data":[28],"available":[29],"for":[30,38,80,100],"New":[31],"York":[32],"City":[33],"comprehensive":[35],"modelling":[36],"accounting":[37],"under-detection,":[39],"we":[40],"reconstruct":[41],"transmission":[44,78,92,119],"dynamics":[45],"therein":[46],"during":[47,104],"2020":[49],"spring":[50],"pandemic":[51],"wave":[52],"estimate":[54],"two":[58],"major":[59],"non-pharmaceutical":[60],"interventions-lockdown-like":[61],"measures":[62,71,122],"that":[63,113],"reduce":[64,118],"contact":[65],"rates":[66],"universal":[68],"masking.":[69],"Lockdown-like":[70],"were":[72],"associated":[73,87],"with":[74,88],"greater":[75],"than":[76],"50%":[77],"reduction":[79,93,99],"all":[81],"age":[82],"groups.":[83],"Universal":[84],"masking":[85],"was":[86],"an":[89],"approximately":[90],"7%":[91],"overall":[94],"up":[96],"20%":[98],"65+":[101],"year":[102],"olds":[103],"first":[106],"month":[107],"implementation.":[109],"This":[110],"result":[111],"suggests":[112],"face":[114],"covering":[115],"can":[116,155],"substantially":[117],"when":[120],"lockdown-like":[121],"are":[123],"lifted":[124],"but":[125],"by":[126],"itself":[127],"may":[128],"be":[129,156],"insufficient":[130],"control":[132],"SARS-CoV-2":[133],"transmission.":[134],"Overall,":[135],"findings":[136],"support":[137],"need":[139],"implement":[141],"multiple":[142],"simultaneously":[144],"effectively":[146],"mitigate":[147],"spread":[149],"before":[150],"majority":[152],"population":[154],"protected":[157],"through":[158],"mass-vaccination.":[159]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-03T10:50:19.383937","created_date":"2021-03-01T00:00:00"}