{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3131703002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039529","title":"WASH Upgrades for Health in Amhara (WUHA): study protocol for a cluster-randomised trial in Ethiopia","display_name":"WASH Upgrades for Health in Amhara (WUHA): study protocol for a cluster-randomised trial in Ethiopia","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3131703002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039529","mag":"3131703002","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33619183","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7903120"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039529","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039529","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039529","pdf_url":"https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/bmjopen/11/2/e039529.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S79054089","display_name":"BMJ Open","issn_l":"2044-6055","issn":["2044-6055"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319945","host_organization_name":"BMJ","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319945"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BMJ"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMJ Open","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/bmjopen/11/2/e039529.full.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050843283","display_name":"Dionna M. Wittberg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9887-5993","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9887-5993"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180670191","display_name":"University of California, San Francisco","ror":"https://ror.org/043mz5j54","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dionna M Wittberg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9887-5993","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066969576","display_name":"Solomon Aragie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4967-9627","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4967-9627"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108262","display_name":"The Carter Center","ror":"https://ror.org/01fdhrh83","country_code":"ET","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292524976","https://openalex.org/I4210108262"]}],"countries":["ET"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Solomon Aragie","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Carter Center Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Carter Center Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108262"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035005578","display_name":"Wondyifraw Tadesse","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4155-1274","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4155-1274"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1313865045","display_name":"Catholic Relief Services","ror":"https://ror.org/05xm0ec82","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1313865045"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wondyifraw Tadesse","raw_affiliation_strings":["Catholic Relief Services, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Catholic Relief Services, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1313865045"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086004842","display_name":"Jason S Melo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2116-4656","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2116-4656"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180670191","display_name":"University of California, San Francisco","ror":"https://ror.org/043mz5j54","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jason S Melo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013056788","display_name":"Kristen Aiemjoy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1886-2699","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1886-2699"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180670191","display_name":"University of California, San Francisco","ror":"https://ror.org/043mz5j54","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kristen Aiemjoy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA","Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1886-2699","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041070756","display_name":"Melsew Chanyalew","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090959","display_name":"Amhara Regional Health Bureau","ror":"https://ror.org/00b2nf889","country_code":"ET","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210090959"]}],"countries":["ET"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Melsew Chanyalew","raw_affiliation_strings":["Amhara Regional Health Bureau, Bahir Dar, Amhara, Ethiopia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Amhara Regional Health Bureau, Bahir Dar, Amhara, Ethiopia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081280153","display_name":"Paul M. Emerson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6478-8816","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6478-8816"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128914","display_name":"The Task Force for Global Health","ror":"https://ror.org/03747hz63","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128914"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210147724","display_name":"International Trachoma Initiative","ror":"https://ror.org/045jt2189","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210147724"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul M Emerson","raw_affiliation_strings":["International Trachoma Initiative, Decatur, Georgia, USA","The Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, Georgia, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Trachoma Initiative, Decatur, Georgia, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210147724"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, Georgia, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128914"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035739059","display_name":"Matthew C. Freeman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1517-2572","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1517-2572"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150468666","display_name":"Emory University","ror":"https://ror.org/03czfpz43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthew C Freeman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Environmental Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Environmental Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016354363","display_name":"Scott D. Nash","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5741-8537","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5741-8537"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1292524976","display_name":"Carter Center","ror":"https://ror.org/030mbxz29","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292524976"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Scott D Nash","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292524976"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071740880","display_name":"Elizabeth Kelly Callahan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4057-9411","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4057-9411"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1292524976","display_name":"Carter Center","ror":"https://ror.org/030mbxz29","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292524976"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"E Kelly Callahan","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Carter Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292524976"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050420846","display_name":"Zerihun Tadesse","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8903-6418","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8903-6418","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1403-7651"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108262","display_name":"The Carter Center","ror":"https://ror.org/01fdhrh83","country_code":"ET","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292524976","https://openalex.org/I4210108262"]}],"countries":["ET"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zerihun Tadesse","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Carter Center Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Carter Center Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108262"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113620085","display_name":"Mulat Zerihun","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108262","display_name":"The Carter Center","ror":"https://ror.org/01fdhrh83","country_code":"ET","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292524976","https://openalex.org/I4210108262"]}],"countries":["ET"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mulat Zerihun","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Carter Center Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Carter Center Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108262"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069369290","display_name":"Travis C. Porco","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8813-3171","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8813-3171"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180670191","display_name":"University of California, San Francisco","ror":"https://ror.org/043mz5j54","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Travis C Porco","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA","Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA","Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080095497","display_name":"Thomas M. Lietman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8216-0240","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8216-0240"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180670191","display_name":"University of California, San Francisco","ror":"https://ror.org/043mz5j54","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas M Lietman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA","Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA","Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA","Institute for Global Health, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Global Health, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075952432","display_name":"Jeremy David Keenan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7118-1457","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7118-1457"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180670191","display_name":"University of California, San Francisco","ror":"https://ror.org/043mz5j54","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jeremy D Keenan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA","Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA jeremy.keenan@ucsf.edu","Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7118-1457","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA jeremy.keenan@ucsf.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5075952432"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"],"apc_list":{"value":1500,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1839},"apc_paid":{"value":1500,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":1839},"fwci":2.2287,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85908207,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"2","first_page":"e039529","last_page":"e039529"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10596","display_name":"Child Nutrition and Water Access","score":0.7148000001907349,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2916","display_name":"Nutrition and Dietetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/29","display_name":"Nursing"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10596","display_name":"Child Nutrition and Water Access","score":0.7148000001907349,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2916","display_name":"Nutrition and Dietetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/29","display_name":"Nursing"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11826","display_name":"Ocular Infections and Treatments","score":0.1656000018119812,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10428","display_name":"Reproductive tract infections research","score":0.035100001841783524,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2404","display_name":"Microbiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trachoma","display_name":"trachoma","score":0.9700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wash","display_name":"water, sanitation and hygiene","score":0.9120000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hygiene-education","display_name":"hygiene education","score":0.7829999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face-washing","display_name":"face washing","score":0.6809999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latrine-use","display_name":"latrine use","score":0.9670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/children-under-five","display_name":"children under five","score":0.6309999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trachoma-elimination","display_name":"trachoma elimination","score":0.8119999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amhara-region","display_name":"Amhara region","score":0.6919999718666077}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.8974162340164185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777034029","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193216","display_name":"Trachoma","level":2,"score":0.8766072392463684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C547646559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162297","display_name":"Hygiene","level":2,"score":0.7071878910064697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.6277804970741272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780151969","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q949149","display_name":"Sanitation","level":2,"score":0.5425788164138794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778907293","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165399","display_name":"Azithromycin","level":3,"score":0.521487832069397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197743484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5615741","display_name":"Latrine","level":3,"score":0.4974394142627716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176400912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3058662","display_name":"Cluster randomised controlled trial","level":3,"score":0.47570592164993286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.4368937313556671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168563851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1436668","display_name":"Randomized controlled trial","level":2,"score":0.41863423585891724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113807197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60894","display_name":"Health education","level":3,"score":0.4110630750656128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C512399662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3505712","display_name":"Family medicine","level":1,"score":0.3218395709991455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.16084623336791992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.15459498763084412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C501593827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12187","display_name":"Antibiotics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89423630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7193","display_name":"Microbiology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002675","descriptor_name":"Child, Preschool","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005002","descriptor_name":"Ethiopia","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006920","descriptor_name":"Hygiene","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007223","descriptor_name":"Infant","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007231","descriptor_name":"Infant, Newborn","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012495","descriptor_name":"San Francisco","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012499","descriptor_name":"Sanitation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014141","descriptor_name":"Trachoma","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014141","descriptor_name":"Trachoma","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016032","descriptor_name":"Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039529","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039529","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039529","pdf_url":"https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/bmjopen/11/2/e039529.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S79054089","display_name":"BMJ Open","issn_l":"2044-6055","issn":["2044-6055"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319945","host_organization_name":"BMJ","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319945"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BMJ"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMJ Open","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7903120","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7903120","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMJ Open","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:33619183","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33619183","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMJ open","raw_type":"Clinical Trial Protocol"},{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.org/ark:/13030/qt08w256bd","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/08w256bd","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMJ open, vol 11, iss 2","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:26a1601583824e799146ccc97acfb3e9","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/26a1601583824e799146ccc97acfb3e9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMJ Open, Vol 11, Iss 2 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt08w256bd","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/08w256bd","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMJ Open, vol 11, iss 2","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039529","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039529","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039529","pdf_url":"https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/bmjopen/11/2/e039529.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S79054089","display_name":"BMJ Open","issn_l":"2044-6055","issn":["2044-6055"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319945","host_organization_name":"BMJ","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319945"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BMJ"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMJ Open","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","score":0.6618000268936157}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/study-protocol","display_name":"Study Protocol"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4509761301","display_name":"Sanitation, Water, and Instruction in Face-washing for Trachoma","funder_award_id":"U10EY023939","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337350","funder_display_name":"National Eye Institute"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G87652127","display_name":"Sanitation, Water, and Instruction in face-washing for trachoma II (SWIFT II)","funder_award_id":"UG1EY023939","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337350","funder_display_name":"National Eye Institute"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306115","display_name":"United States Agency for International Development","ror":"https://ror.org/01n6e6j62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306137","display_name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0456r8d26"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306493","display_name":"Abbott Laboratories","ror":"https://ror.org/0052svj16"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306811","display_name":"Research to Prevent Blindness","ror":"https://ror.org/04drjs621"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320317381","display_name":"That Man May See","ror":"https://ror.org/00yawa228"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321637","display_name":"Department for International Development","ror":"https://ror.org/05rf29967"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337350","display_name":"National Eye Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03wkg3b53"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3131703002.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3131703002.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1493656672","https://openalex.org/W1528013745","https://openalex.org/W1533714304","https://openalex.org/W1965901123","https://openalex.org/W1966948388","https://openalex.org/W1972601065","https://openalex.org/W1974009567","https://openalex.org/W1989717351","https://openalex.org/W2028764578","https://openalex.org/W2031240673","https://openalex.org/W2039496013","https://openalex.org/W2061525364","https://openalex.org/W2062739837","https://openalex.org/W2067312370","https://openalex.org/W2081884177","https://openalex.org/W2108509183","https://openalex.org/W2114293296","https://openalex.org/W2120079020","https://openalex.org/W2123315510","https://openalex.org/W2130937568","https://openalex.org/W2134412546","https://openalex.org/W2138904885","https://openalex.org/W2144921938","https://openalex.org/W2145738899","https://openalex.org/W2158294771","https://openalex.org/W2162905192","https://openalex.org/W2166285572","https://openalex.org/W2327226764","https://openalex.org/W2395546184","https://openalex.org/W2761604622"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4200253327","https://openalex.org/W4221039167","https://openalex.org/W7124680567","https://openalex.org/W7140232161","https://openalex.org/W3126772278","https://openalex.org/W2067312370","https://openalex.org/W7160741595","https://openalex.org/W1493656672","https://openalex.org/W2767303333","https://openalex.org/W3208948251"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"INTRODUCTION:":[0],"Facial":[1],"hygiene":[2,29,57,123,140],"promotion":[3,124],"and":[4,28,56,136,146,221,232,264,267,273,278,291],"environmental":[5],"improvements":[6],"are":[7,98,152,161,175,234],"central":[8],"components":[9],"of":[10,19,25,38,63,77,95,169,186,201,212,216,255,271],"the":[11,23,39,61,88,93,96,105,156,165,170,213,219,253,261,268,282],"global":[12],"trachoma":[13,34,217],"elimination":[14],"strategy":[15],"despite":[16],"a":[17,52,101,110,118,137,197],"lack":[18],"experimental":[20],"evidence":[21,185],"supporting":[22],"effectiveness":[24],"water,":[26],"sanitation":[27],"(WASH)":[30],"measures":[31],"for":[32,43,87],"reducing":[33],"transmission.":[35],"The":[36,114,180],"objective":[37],"WUHA":[40],"(WASH":[41],"Upgrades":[42],"Health":[44],"in":[45,67,100,177,196],"Amhara)":[46],"trial":[47],"is":[48,183,210],"to":[49,92,104,236],"evaluate":[50],"if":[51],"comprehensive":[53],"water":[54,120],"improvement":[55,211],"education":[58,131],"programme":[59],"reduces":[60],"prevalence":[62],"ocular":[64,187],"chlamydia":[65,188],"infection":[66,189],"rural":[68],"Africa.":[69],"METHODS":[70],"AND":[71,240],"ANALYSIS:":[72],"Forty":[73],"study":[74,223],"clusters,":[75],"each":[76,178],"which":[78],"had":[79],"received":[80],"at":[81,252],"least":[82],"annual":[83],"mass":[84],"azithromycin":[85],"distributions":[86,151],"7":[89,205],"years":[90,159,168],"prior":[91],"start":[94],"study,":[97],"randomised":[99],"1:1":[102],"ratio":[103],"WASH":[106,112,115,130],"intervention":[107],"arm":[108],"or":[109],"delayed":[111],"arm.":[113],"package":[116],"includes":[117],"community":[119],"point,":[121],"community-based":[122],"workers,":[125],"household":[126,129,133],"wash":[127],"stations,":[128],"books,":[132],"soap":[134],"distribution":[135],"primary":[138,181],"school":[139],"curriculum.":[141],"Educational":[142],"activities":[143],"emphasise":[144],"face-washing":[145],"latrine":[147],"use.":[148],"Mass":[149],"antibiotic":[150],"not":[153],"provided":[154,162],"during":[155],"first":[157],"3":[158],"but":[160],"annually":[163,203],"over":[164,204],"final":[166,222],"4":[167],"trial.":[171,283],"Annual":[172],"monitoring":[173,279],"visits":[174,224],"conducted":[176],"community.":[179],"outcome":[182,209],"PCR":[184],"among":[190],"children":[191,202],"aged":[192],"0-5":[193],"years,":[194],"measured":[195],"separate":[198],"random":[199],"sample":[200],"years.":[206],"A":[207,275],"secondary":[208],"clinical":[214],"signs":[215],"between":[218],"baseline":[220],"as":[225],"assessed":[226],"by":[227,247],"conjunctival":[228],"photography.":[229],"Laboratory":[230],"workers":[231],"photo-graders":[233],"masked":[235],"treatment":[237],"allocation.":[238],"ETHICS":[239],"DISSEMINATION:":[241],"Study":[242],"protocols":[243],"have":[244],"been":[245],"approved":[246],"human":[248],"subjects":[249],"review":[250],"boards":[251],"University":[254],"California,":[256],"San":[257],"Francisco,":[258],"Emory":[259],"University,":[260],"Ethiopian":[262,269],"Food":[263],"Drug":[265],"Authority,":[266],"Ministry":[270],"Innovation":[272],"Technology.":[274],"data":[276],"safety":[277],"committee":[280],"oversees":[281],"Results":[284],"will":[285],"be":[286],"disseminated":[287],"through":[288],"peer-reviewed":[289],"publications":[290],"presentations.":[292],"TRIAL":[293],"REGISTRATION":[294],"NUMBER:":[295],"(http://www.clinicaltrials.gov):":[296],"NCT02754583;":[297],"Pre-results.":[298]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2021-03-01T00:00:00"}
