{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3130178427","doi":"https://doi.org/10.36909/jer.v9i1.9803","title":"The Impact of Congestion Charging Technique on Traffic Flow and Atmospheric Pollution in Kuwait City","display_name":"The Impact of Congestion Charging Technique on Traffic Flow and Atmospheric Pollution in Kuwait City","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-02-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3130178427","doi":"https://doi.org/10.36909/jer.v9i1.9803","mag":"3130178427"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.36909/jer.v9i1.9803","doi":"https://doi.org/10.36909/jer.v9i1.9803","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.36909/jer.v9i1.9803","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219973","display_name":"Journal of Engineering Research","issn_l":"2307-1877","issn":["2307-1877","2307-1885"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","norway-1","poland-20"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Engineering Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.36909/jer.v9i1.9803","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112481004","display_name":"Fahad AlRukaibi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36721946","display_name":"Kuwait University","ror":"https://ror.org/021e5j056","country_code":"KW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36721946"]}],"countries":["KW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fahad AlRukaibi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Civil Engineering - Kuwait University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Civil Engineering - Kuwait University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36721946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053438930","display_name":"Duaij AlRukaibi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36721946","display_name":"Kuwait University","ror":"https://ror.org/021e5j056","country_code":"KW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36721946"]}],"countries":["KW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Duaij AlRukaibi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Civil Engineering - Kuwait University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Civil Engineering - Kuwait University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36721946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007988345","display_name":"Abdul-aziz Al-Burait","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36721946","display_name":"Kuwait University","ror":"https://ror.org/021e5j056","country_code":"KW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36721946"]}],"countries":["KW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdulaziz AlBurait","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil Engineering, Kuwait University, Kuwait","Industrial Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Petroleum, Kuwait University, Kuwait"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil Engineering, Kuwait University, Kuwait","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36721946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Industrial Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Petroleum, Kuwait University, Kuwait","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36721946"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047696540","display_name":"Ayedh Almutairi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0395-8559","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0395-8559"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ayedh Al-Mutairi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5053438930","https://openalex.org/A5112481004"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36721946"],"apc_list":{"value":1100,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1100},"apc_paid":{"value":1100,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1100},"fwci":1.7098,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82244567,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"1","first_page":"51","last_page":"62"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10698","display_name":"Transportation Planning and Optimization","score":0.9253000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10698","display_name":"Transportation Planning and Optimization","score":0.9253000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10524","display_name":"Traffic control and management","score":0.06729999929666519,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11344","display_name":"Traffic Prediction and Management Techniques","score":0.0012000000569969416,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/congestion-pricing","display_name":"congestion pricing","score":0.9459999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traffic-congestion","display_name":"traffic congestion","score":0.8700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traffic-flow","display_name":"traffic flow","score":0.9649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/air-pollution","display_name":"air pollution","score":0.9309999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vehicle-emissions","display_name":"vehicle emissions","score":0.7200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuel-consumption","display_name":"fuel consumption","score":0.9559999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/travel-delay","display_name":"travel delay","score":0.6809999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demand-management","display_name":"demand management","score":0.5099999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-algorithm-optimization","display_name":"genetic algorithm optimization","score":0.8270000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kuwait-city","display_name":"Kuwait City","score":0.6269999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/peak-hour-traffic","display_name":"peak hour traffic","score":0.6600000262260437}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28944840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1256545","display_name":"Synchro","level":2,"score":0.8407576084136963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45882903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5042317","display_name":"Fuel efficiency","level":2,"score":0.7425969243049622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779888511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q244156","display_name":"Traffic congestion","level":2,"score":0.643528401851654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125363544","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7522877","display_name":"Singapore Area Licensing Scheme","level":4,"score":0.5821092128753662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207512268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3074551","display_name":"Traffic flow (computer networking)","level":2,"score":0.5554552674293518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.4822417199611664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8007445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13743387","display_name":"Congestion pricing","level":3,"score":0.46345609426498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.43516603112220764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C559116025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131123","display_name":"Air pollution","level":2,"score":0.42276620864868164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22684755","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q847526","display_name":"Queueing theory","level":2,"score":0.4223008155822754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.41275784373283386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.39542391896247864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87717796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146326","display_name":"Environmental engineering","level":1,"score":0.33845585584640503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2695302367210388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.14394131302833557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.36909/jer.v9i1.9803","doi":"https://doi.org/10.36909/jer.v9i1.9803","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.36909/jer.v9i1.9803","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219973","display_name":"Journal of Engineering Research","issn_l":"2307-1877","issn":["2307-1877","2307-1885"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","norway-1","poland-20"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Engineering Research","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.36909/jer.v9i1.9803","doi":"https://doi.org/10.36909/jer.v9i1.9803","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.36909/jer.v9i1.9803","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210219973","display_name":"Journal of Engineering Research","issn_l":"2307-1877","issn":["2307-1877","2307-1885"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-b","norway-1","poland-20"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Engineering Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"},{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.7207000255584717,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"},{"display_name":"Climate action","score":0.4399999976158142,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W184129682","https://openalex.org/W347659242","https://openalex.org/W1591848149","https://openalex.org/W1965450022","https://openalex.org/W2034048028","https://openalex.org/W2050767100","https://openalex.org/W2074946141","https://openalex.org/W2090643861","https://openalex.org/W2091763379","https://openalex.org/W2463787565"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3080501620","https://openalex.org/W3134906352","https://openalex.org/W2038298712","https://openalex.org/W2106846941","https://openalex.org/W4319454957","https://openalex.org/W6889897673","https://openalex.org/W4310946165","https://openalex.org/W2989687609","https://openalex.org/W2072250667","https://openalex.org/W3023461379"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Traffic":[0],"congestion":[1,61,64,146,172],"is":[2,68,89,199,211],"a":[3,90,95,141,228],"major":[4],"problem":[5],"in":[6,23,45,50,117,121,148,158,227],"high":[7],"populated":[8],"cities,":[9],"due":[10],"to":[11,34,58,72,83,123,130,144,150,161,203,215],"the":[12,46,85,104,109,127,132,163,166,182,206,223,240],"frequent":[13],"increase":[14,35],"on":[15],"travel":[16],"demand":[17,74,183],"and":[18,27,39,99,189,205,232,245],"exponential":[19],"vehicles":[20],"growth.":[21],"Resulting":[22],"increased":[24],"vehicle":[25],"queuing":[26],"slows":[28],"road":[29],"speed":[30],"which":[31,67,102,249],"can":[32],"led":[33],"delays,":[36],"air":[37,251],"pollution,":[38],"fuel":[40,190,209],"consumption.":[41],"Poor":[42],"traffic":[43,52,60,178],"management":[44],"congested":[47],"spot":[48],"result":[49],"elongated":[51],"jam.":[53],"Therefore,":[54],"this":[55],"study":[56],"aims":[57],"reduce":[59],"by":[62],"applying":[63,171],"charging":[65],"system":[66,174],"an":[69,218,237],"effective":[70],"method":[71,143],"regulate":[73],"without":[75],"increasing":[76],"supply.":[77],"Kuwait":[78,87],"City":[79,88],"network":[80],"was":[81,115,184],"selected":[82],"perform":[84],"system.":[86],"vital":[91],"city":[92,105],"that":[93,154],"has":[94],"lot":[96],"of":[97,165,170,180,196,208,221,242],"governmental":[98],"commercial":[100],"facilities":[101],"make":[103],"crowded":[106],"especially":[107],"during":[108],"peak":[110],"hours.":[111],"The":[112,134,168,194],"current":[113],"condition":[114,129],"analyzed":[116,157],"SYNCHRO":[118,159],"simulation":[119],"software":[120,160],"order":[122,149],"compare":[124],"it":[125],"with":[126],"improved":[128,247,250],"confirm":[131],"applicability.":[133],"genetic":[135],"algorithm":[136],"will":[137,155],"be":[138,156],"used":[139,210],"as":[140],"practical":[142],"apply":[145],"pricing":[147,173],"provide":[151],"optimized":[152],"solutions":[153],"examine":[162],"performance":[164],"network.":[167],"impacts":[169],"were":[175,192],"remarkable.":[176],"From":[177,217],"point":[179,220],"view,":[181,222],"regulated,":[185],"also":[186],"total":[187,197],"delays":[188],"consumption":[191],"improved.":[193],"reduction":[195,207],"delay":[198],"ranged":[200,212],"between":[201,213,230],"24.4%":[202],"40.58%,":[204],"36.76%":[214],"60.89%.":[216],"economical":[219],"user":[224],"cost":[225],"decreased":[226],"range":[229],"27.77%":[231],"43.75%.":[233],"In":[234],"addition,":[235],"from":[236],"environmental":[238],"aspect":[239],"emissions":[241],"HC,":[243],"CO":[244],"NOx":[246],"significantly":[248],"quality.":[252]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2021-03-01T00:00:00"}
