{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3130166161","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w28462","title":"A Division of Laborers: Identity and Efficiency in India","display_name":"A Division of Laborers: Identity and Efficiency in India","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3130166161","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w28462","mag":"3130166161"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3386/w28462","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w28462","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w28462","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w28462","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":"report"},"volume":null,"type":"report","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w28462","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007317822","display_name":"Guilhem Cassan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6863-7524","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6863-7524"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121820613","display_name":"Louisiana State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ect4e57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121820613"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321305853","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04grmx538","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1334329717","display_name":"World Bank","ror":"https://ror.org/00ae7jd04","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1334329717","https://openalex.org/I55633929"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149768937","display_name":"University of Namur","ror":"https://ror.org/03d1maw17","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149768937"]}],"countries":["BE","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guilhem Cassan","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Namur, CRED 8 rue du Rempart de la Vierge, 5000, Namur, Belgium and","Louisiana State University Department of Economics 2325 Business Education Complex South 501 South Quad Drive Baton Rouge, LA 70803","NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138","The World Bank","Warwick, Chicago, USC,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Namur, CRED 8 rue du Rempart de la Vierge, 5000, Namur, Belgium and","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149768937"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Louisiana State University Department of Economics 2325 Business Education Complex South 501 South Quad Drive Baton Rouge, LA 70803","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121820613"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The World Bank","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1334329717"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Warwick, Chicago, USC,","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048602099","display_name":"Daniel Eben Keniston","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121820613","display_name":"Louisiana State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ect4e57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121820613"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321305853","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04grmx538","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1334329717","display_name":"World Bank","ror":"https://ror.org/00ae7jd04","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1334329717","https://openalex.org/I55633929"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149768937","display_name":"University of Namur","ror":"https://ror.org/03d1maw17","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149768937"]}],"countries":["BE","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Keniston","raw_affiliation_strings":["Louisiana State University Department of Economics 2325 Business Education Complex South 501 South Quad Drive Baton Rouge , LA 70803 and","Louisiana State University Department of Economics 2325 Business Education Complex South 501 South Quad Drive Baton Rouge, LA 70803","NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138","The World Bank","University of Namur, CRED 8 rue du Rempart de la Vierge, 5000, Namur, Belgium and","Warwick, Chicago, USC,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Louisiana State University Department of Economics 2325 Business Education Complex South 501 South Quad Drive Baton Rouge , LA 70803 and","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121820613"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Louisiana State University Department of Economics 2325 Business Education Complex South 501 South Quad Drive Baton Rouge, LA 70803","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121820613"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The World Bank","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1334329717"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Namur, CRED 8 rue du Rempart de la Vierge, 5000, Namur, Belgium and","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149768937"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Warwick, Chicago, USC,","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045803389","display_name":"Tatjana Kleineberg","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121820613","display_name":"Louisiana State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ect4e57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121820613"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1321305853","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04grmx538","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1334329717","display_name":"World Bank","ror":"https://ror.org/00ae7jd04","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1334329717","https://openalex.org/I55633929"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149768937","display_name":"University of Namur","ror":"https://ror.org/03d1maw17","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149768937"]}],"countries":["BE","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tatjana Kleineberg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Louisiana State University Department of Economics 2325 Business Education Complex South 501 South Quad Drive Baton Rouge, LA 70803","NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138","The World Bank","University of Namur, CRED 8 rue du Rempart de la Vierge, 5000, Namur, Belgium and","Warwick, Chicago, USC,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Louisiana State University Department of Economics 2325 Business Education Complex South 501 South Quad Drive Baton Rouge, LA 70803","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121820613"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1321305853"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The World Bank","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1334329717"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Namur, CRED 8 rue du Rempart de la Vierge, 5000, Namur, Belgium and","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149768937"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Warwick, Chicago, USC,","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12949","display_name":"South Asian Studies and Diaspora","score":0.5088000297546387,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12949","display_name":"South Asian Studies and Diaspora","score":0.5088000297546387,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10208","display_name":"Labor market dynamics and wage inequality","score":0.10999999940395355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12312","display_name":"Culture, Economy, and Development Studies","score":0.09700000286102295,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3317","display_name":"Demography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/caste-system","display_name":"caste system","score":0.9240000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/career-choice","display_name":"career choice","score":0.7409999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-identity","display_name":"social identity","score":0.878000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-capital-allocation","display_name":"human capital allocation","score":0.6710000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/roy-model","display_name":"Roy model","score":0.7689999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/caste-hierarchy","display_name":"caste hierarchy","score":0.5109999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intergenerational-learning","display_name":"intergenerational learning","score":0.8240000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/counterfactual-analysis","display_name":"counterfactual analysis","score":0.7080000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/indian-economy","display_name":"Indian economy","score":0.4440000057220459}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60798267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1226939","display_name":"Division (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.7694274187088013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778355321","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17079427","display_name":"Identity (music)","level":2,"score":0.6207713484764099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53553401","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47307","display_name":"Genealogy","level":1,"score":0.4272601902484894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.3856891691684723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2923194169998169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.1965903639793396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.14581075310707092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.08464410901069641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107038049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35986","display_name":"Aesthetics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3386/w28462","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w28462","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w28462","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w28462","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":"report"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3386/w28462","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w28462","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w28462","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/w28462","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":"report"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":1.0},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1","display_name":"No poverty","score":0.7954999804496765},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.7578999996185303}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.75}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3490650976","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"30784531","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321390","funder_display_name":"Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6404968876","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"O020918F","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321390","funder_display_name":"Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7199826102","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"30784531","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321730","funder_display_name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320307855","display_name":"World Bank Group","ror":"https://ror.org/00ae7jd04"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321390","display_name":"Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS","ror":"https://ror.org/03q83t159"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321730","display_name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","ror":"https://ror.org/03qtxy027"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327336","display_name":"Vlaamse regering","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3130166161.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3130166161.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":71,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W596261087","https://openalex.org/W606152966","https://openalex.org/W636123582","https://openalex.org/W640522968","https://openalex.org/W644094243","https://openalex.org/W1497075200","https://openalex.org/W1522182069","https://openalex.org/W1533907804","https://openalex.org/W1558651997","https://openalex.org/W1582493418","https://openalex.org/W1706153083","https://openalex.org/W1886305637","https://openalex.org/W1984639509","https://openalex.org/W1988443868","https://openalex.org/W2002891798","https://openalex.org/W2010064710","https://openalex.org/W2019019584","https://openalex.org/W2024751829","https://openalex.org/W2057501145","https://openalex.org/W2080945599","https://openalex.org/W2094095348","https://openalex.org/W2115539436","https://openalex.org/W2121005211","https://openalex.org/W2123803931","https://openalex.org/W2131648638","https://openalex.org/W2141421561","https://openalex.org/W2146607332","https://openalex.org/W2163239208","https://openalex.org/W2170602000","https://openalex.org/W2189284532","https://openalex.org/W2200113965","https://openalex.org/W2241424663","https://openalex.org/W2258274166","https://openalex.org/W2291743888","https://openalex.org/W2317298172","https://openalex.org/W2388852873","https://openalex.org/W2398560365","https://openalex.org/W2636520717","https://openalex.org/W2673167615","https://openalex.org/W2760925952","https://openalex.org/W2778802192","https://openalex.org/W2795965579","https://openalex.org/W2801598950","https://openalex.org/W2903885469","https://openalex.org/W2914871636","https://openalex.org/W2914916765","https://openalex.org/W2915025554","https://openalex.org/W2986868796","https://openalex.org/W3122968422","https://openalex.org/W3123304976","https://openalex.org/W3123729550","https://openalex.org/W3124433301","https://openalex.org/W3125434214","https://openalex.org/W3160866254","https://openalex.org/W3161263602","https://openalex.org/W4236026768","https://openalex.org/W4240973136","https://openalex.org/W4247739872","https://openalex.org/W4255675663","https://openalex.org/W4300792295","https://openalex.org/W4312230442","https://openalex.org/W4361859995","https://openalex.org/W4385367935","https://openalex.org/W6663128525","https://openalex.org/W6677924154","https://openalex.org/W6758187771","https://openalex.org/W6814534708","https://openalex.org/W6851452813","https://openalex.org/W6910136908","https://openalex.org/W6980467511","https://openalex.org/W7018236338"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391280705","https://openalex.org/W4385367935","https://openalex.org/W2792949884","https://openalex.org/W7047640927","https://openalex.org/W2903870843","https://openalex.org/W7060973560","https://openalex.org/W3165146569","https://openalex.org/W1839408950","https://openalex.org/W7096491674","https://openalex.org/W1517493743"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Workers'":[0],"social":[1,46],"identity":[2,33],"affects":[3],"their":[4,54],"occupation,":[5,39],"and":[6,10,32,41,45,57,70,90],"therefore":[7],"the":[8,13,26],"structure":[9],"prosperity":[11],"of":[12,22],"aggregate":[14,78],"economy.We":[15],"estimate":[16],"a":[17],"general":[18],"equilibrium":[19],"Roy":[20],"model":[21],"this":[23],"phenomenon":[24],"in":[25,53,59],"Indian":[27],"caste":[28,88],"system,":[29],"where":[30],"work":[31],"are":[34,51,81],"particularly":[35],"intertwined.New":[36],"data":[37],"on":[38],"wages,":[40],"caste's":[42],"traditional":[43,55],"occupations":[44,56],"status":[47],"show":[48],"that":[49],"workers":[50],"over-represented":[52],"under-represented":[58],"socially":[60],"higher":[61],"or":[62],"lower":[63],"occupations.We":[64],"consider":[65],"counterfactuals":[66,84],"removing":[67],"castes'":[68],"hierarchical":[69],"occupational":[71],"links.Despite":[72],"more":[73],"efficient":[74],"human":[75],"capital":[76],"allocation,":[77],"output":[79],"gains":[80],"small-in":[82],"some":[83],"negative-due":[85],"to":[86],"weaker":[87],"networks":[89],"reduced":[91],"learning":[92],"across":[93],"generations.":[94]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2021-03-01T00:00:00"}