{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3130165705","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21608/mb.2021.55637.1029","title":"Antibiotic resistance: Current global issue and future challenges","display_name":"Antibiotic resistance: Current global issue and future challenges","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-02-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3130165705","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21608/mb.2021.55637.1029","mag":"3130165705"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21608/mb.2021.55637.1029","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21608/mb.2021.55637.1029","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21608/mb.2021.55637.1029","pdf_url":"https://mb.journals.ekb.eg/article_147716_0ee5c32159778839779e1de81bdf6571.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210174040","display_name":"Microbial Biosystems","issn_l":"2357-0334","issn":["2357-0334","2357-0326"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj","jpps-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318981","host_organization_name":"Arab Society for Fungal Conservation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318981"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Arab Society for Fungal Conservation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Microbial Biosystems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://mb.journals.ekb.eg/article_147716_0ee5c32159778839779e1de81bdf6571.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112610721","display_name":"Alaa Rahim","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3133014862","display_name":"Sulaimani Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05v9vy052","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3133014862"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alaa Rahim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technical College of Health/ Sulaimani Polytechnic University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technical College of Health/ Sulaimani Polytechnic University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3133014862"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047174596","display_name":"Solhan Ahmadissa","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3133014862","display_name":"Sulaimani Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05v9vy052","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3133014862"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Solhan Ahmadissa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technical college of Health/ Sulaimani Polytechnic University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technical college of Health/ Sulaimani Polytechnic University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3133014862"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112610722","display_name":"Lalan Muhamad","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3133014862","display_name":"Sulaimani Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05v9vy052","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3133014862"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lalan Muhamad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technical College of Health/ Sulaimani Polytechnic University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technical College of Health/ Sulaimani Polytechnic University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3133014862"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091758035","display_name":"Taib Ahmed Hama Soor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6756-5696","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6756-5696"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3133014862","display_name":"Sulaimani Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/05v9vy052","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3133014862"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Taib Hama Soor","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sulaimani polytechnic University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sulaimani polytechnic University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3133014862"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3133014862"],"apc_list":{"value":150,"currency":"USD","value_usd":150},"apc_paid":{"value":150,"currency":"USD","value_usd":150},"fwci":0.2344,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.41879161,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"2","first_page":"29","last_page":"68"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10147","display_name":"Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2726","display_name":"Microbiology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10147","display_name":"Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2726","display_name":"Microbiology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10897","display_name":"Antibiotic Use and Resistance","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10419","display_name":"Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2310","display_name":"Pollution"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antibiotic-resistance","display_name":"antibiotic resistance","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multidrug-resistance","display_name":"multidrug resistance","score":0.9430000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase","display_name":"extended-spectrum beta-lactamase","score":0.9769999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beta-lactam-resistance-genes","display_name":"beta-lactam resistance genes","score":0.9459999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resistance-mechanisms","display_name":"resistance mechanisms","score":0.6930000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/middle-east","display_name":"Middle East","score":0.7170000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iraq","display_name":"Iraq","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-health-risk","display_name":"public health risk","score":0.6759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rational-antibiotic-use","display_name":"rational antibiotic use","score":0.6320000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-spread-of-resistance-genes","display_name":"environmental spread of resistance genes","score":0.5730000138282776}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94665300","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q63391344","display_name":"Antibiotic resistance","level":3,"score":0.7721453309059143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C501593827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12187","display_name":"Antibiotics","level":2,"score":0.7616499662399292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114851261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12147416","display_name":"Drug resistance","level":2,"score":0.6668956279754639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57473165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7315604","display_name":"Resistance (ecology)","level":2,"score":0.5562616586685181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C523546767","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10876","display_name":"Bacteria","level":2,"score":0.553688645362854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133936738","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q643839","display_name":"Multiple drug resistance","level":3,"score":0.45788466930389404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.3831910789012909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.36508169770240784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89423630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7193","display_name":"Microbiology","level":1,"score":0.28494077920913696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.1594906747341156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.06506910920143127}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21608/mb.2021.55637.1029","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21608/mb.2021.55637.1029","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21608/mb.2021.55637.1029","pdf_url":"https://mb.journals.ekb.eg/article_147716_0ee5c32159778839779e1de81bdf6571.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210174040","display_name":"Microbial Biosystems","issn_l":"2357-0334","issn":["2357-0334","2357-0326"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj","jpps-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318981","host_organization_name":"Arab Society for Fungal Conservation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318981"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Arab Society for Fungal Conservation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Microbial Biosystems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.21608/mb.2021.55637.1029","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21608/mb.2021.55637.1029","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21608/mb.2021.55637.1029","pdf_url":"https://mb.journals.ekb.eg/article_147716_0ee5c32159778839779e1de81bdf6571.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210174040","display_name":"Microbial Biosystems","issn_l":"2357-0334","issn":["2357-0334","2357-0326"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj","jpps-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318981","host_organization_name":"Arab Society for Fungal Conservation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318981"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Arab Society for Fungal Conservation"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Microbial Biosystems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.9537000060081482,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3130165705.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3130165705.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":196,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W131633397","https://openalex.org/W210528061","https://openalex.org/W1508126216","https://openalex.org/W1513563700","https://openalex.org/W1535719421","https://openalex.org/W1692562759","https://openalex.org/W1801723611","https://openalex.org/W1833640982","https://openalex.org/W1880297233","https://openalex.org/W1922732464","https://openalex.org/W1967239401","https://openalex.org/W1967778991","https://openalex.org/W1969141825","https://openalex.org/W1971724552","https://openalex.org/W1974665820","https://openalex.org/W1976235323","https://openalex.org/W1984324575","https://openalex.org/W1995288235","https://openalex.org/W1996397096","https://openalex.org/W1999055779","https://openalex.org/W2001330064","https://openalex.org/W2015462891","https://openalex.org/W2015628403","https://openalex.org/W2015856931","https://openalex.org/W2017222711","https://openalex.org/W2019153470","https://openalex.org/W2026215081","https://openalex.org/W2033877323","https://openalex.org/W2037147430","https://openalex.org/W2040470841","https://openalex.org/W2044337867","https://openalex.org/W2048452750","https://openalex.org/W2049550628","https://openalex.org/W2051278910","https://openalex.org/W2056589536","https://openalex.org/W2056981303","https://openalex.org/W2059330719","https://openalex.org/W2065674448","https://openalex.org/W2069200382","https://openalex.org/W2070408960","https://openalex.org/W2072811912","https://openalex.org/W2073556554","https://openalex.org/W2074189661","https://openalex.org/W2076170591","https://openalex.org/W2077557096","https://openalex.org/W2078133440","https://openalex.org/W2079024062","https://openalex.org/W2079901010","https://openalex.org/W2082095419","https://openalex.org/W2082196711","https://openalex.org/W2083533991","https://openalex.org/W2085595559","https://openalex.org/W2087996087","https://openalex.org/W2090200927","https://openalex.org/W2090651792","https://openalex.org/W2092646654","https://openalex.org/W2093036173","https://openalex.org/W2094276559","https://openalex.org/W2094799604","https://openalex.org/W2100139860","https://openalex.org/W2100819850","https://openalex.org/W2101166942","https://openalex.org/W2103225206","https://openalex.org/W2103390656","https://openalex.org/W2104122491","https://openalex.org/W2104750596","https://openalex.org/W2106351298","https://openalex.org/W2106629677","https://openalex.org/W2108127736","https://openalex.org/W2108276360","https://openalex.org/W2108638835","https://openalex.org/W2108864681","https://openalex.org/W2109588127","https://openalex.org/W2114281159","https://openalex.org/W2114517004","https://openalex.org/W2114611484","https://openalex.org/W2115874234","https://openalex.org/W2116402170","https://openalex.org/W2117147188","https://openalex.org/W2123886059","https://openalex.org/W2130079858","https://openalex.org/W2132355509","https://openalex.org/W2133583595","https://openalex.org/W2133882650","https://openalex.org/W2134352676","https://openalex.org/W2138952930","https://openalex.org/W2143874510","https://openalex.org/W2144083442","https://openalex.org/W2146629814","https://openalex.org/W2147115456","https://openalex.org/W2147302158","https://openalex.org/W2149483505","https://openalex.org/W2152959089","https://openalex.org/W2152982816","https://openalex.org/W2154273408","https://openalex.org/W2160452746","https://openalex.org/W2160510201","https://openalex.org/W2161552366","https://openalex.org/W2162541362","https://openalex.org/W2164832525","https://openalex.org/W2165564393","https://openalex.org/W2169054220","https://openalex.org/W2171201534","https://openalex.org/W2174483362","https://openalex.org/W2189102714","https://openalex.org/W2190499142","https://openalex.org/W2216804349","https://openalex.org/W2222642144","https://openalex.org/W2262759975","https://openalex.org/W2292670835","https://openalex.org/W2305704688","https://openalex.org/W2308194520","https://openalex.org/W2321640152","https://openalex.org/W2330488223","https://openalex.org/W2336683257","https://openalex.org/W2339867436","https://openalex.org/W2344846645","https://openalex.org/W2345408993","https://openalex.org/W2365702030","https://openalex.org/W2414494876","https://openalex.org/W2426732491","https://openalex.org/W2435484975","https://openalex.org/W2466832249","https://openalex.org/W2470761466","https://openalex.org/W2504635795","https://openalex.org/W2524587735","https://openalex.org/W2539169413","https://openalex.org/W2570767640","https://openalex.org/W2588669587","https://openalex.org/W2606733582","https://openalex.org/W2612056156","https://openalex.org/W2625354779","https://openalex.org/W2724579049","https://openalex.org/W2726220158","https://openalex.org/W2735973967","https://openalex.org/W2737438168","https://openalex.org/W2757070126","https://openalex.org/W2767369842","https://openalex.org/W2770546233","https://openalex.org/W2770886876","https://openalex.org/W2774692102","https://openalex.org/W2782948784","https://openalex.org/W2789647764","https://openalex.org/W2802798821","https://openalex.org/W2803265595","https://openalex.org/W2806831583","https://openalex.org/W2808740675","https://openalex.org/W2885237973","https://openalex.org/W2885680427","https://openalex.org/W2887689809","https://openalex.org/W2888170569","https://openalex.org/W2891135984","https://openalex.org/W2892223303","https://openalex.org/W2892572156","https://openalex.org/W2892679831","https://openalex.org/W2897109701","https://openalex.org/W2914114465","https://openalex.org/W2914385679","https://openalex.org/W2942547599","https://openalex.org/W2945578000","https://openalex.org/W2946458716","https://openalex.org/W2956674191","https://openalex.org/W2964405183","https://openalex.org/W2967100305","https://openalex.org/W2967611673","https://openalex.org/W2968590993","https://openalex.org/W2973617749","https://openalex.org/W2974295643","https://openalex.org/W2981828335","https://openalex.org/W2984802278","https://openalex.org/W2996215309","https://openalex.org/W2996471051","https://openalex.org/W2997913133","https://openalex.org/W3000652999","https://openalex.org/W3003031200","https://openalex.org/W3006446182","https://openalex.org/W3008791739","https://openalex.org/W3009376325","https://openalex.org/W3015656220","https://openalex.org/W3020649673","https://openalex.org/W3021506857","https://openalex.org/W3021768628","https://openalex.org/W3022165885","https://openalex.org/W3027278571","https://openalex.org/W3031859831","https://openalex.org/W3033851475","https://openalex.org/W3035212074","https://openalex.org/W3037725550","https://openalex.org/W3038282252","https://openalex.org/W3043150761","https://openalex.org/W3044338489","https://openalex.org/W3045398055","https://openalex.org/W3083520363","https://openalex.org/W4241111610","https://openalex.org/W4242318543","https://openalex.org/W4250392082"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7098852892","https://openalex.org/W4402997250","https://openalex.org/W6989127403","https://openalex.org/W3035373354","https://openalex.org/W4396658736","https://openalex.org/W4409966127","https://openalex.org/W6949421831","https://openalex.org/W1680761067","https://openalex.org/W4405539553","https://openalex.org/W4220920915"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Understanding":[0],"antibiotic":[1,109,112,202,210],"resistance":[2,15,53,57,110,113,121,164,203],"and":[3,17,22,40,47,58,80,98,115,129,151,159,204],"control":[4],"measure":[5],"is":[6,92,176,191,211],"a":[7],"challenge":[8],"because":[9],"it":[10,18,59],"causes":[11,19,76,97,105],"dissemination":[12],"of":[13,67,77,83,100,106,118,143,146,156,172,201],"multidrug":[14],"bacteria,":[16],"high":[20],"morbidity":[21],"mortality.":[23],"Bacteria":[24,49,161],"expressing":[25],"extended":[26],"spectrum":[27],"beta":[28,51,119],"lactamases":[29],"(ESBL)":[30,125,132],"have":[31,166],"been":[32,70,167],"recently":[33],"reported":[34],"globally":[35],"at":[36],"an":[37,205],"alarming":[38],"level":[39],"these":[41],"issues":[42],"exist":[43],"in":[44,62,86,126,133,148,153,169,193],"Middle":[45,127,157,173],"East":[46,158,174],"Iraq.":[48,134,160],"bearing":[50,162],"lactam":[52],"genes":[54,165],"shows":[55],"multi-drug":[56],"cause":[60],"delay":[61],"treatment.":[63],"The":[64,135],"huge":[65],"number":[66],"studies":[68],"has":[69],"carried":[71],"out":[72],"to":[73,94,183,197,207,214],"indicate":[74],"the":[75,81,141,194,199],"drug":[78,101,107],"resistances":[79,102],"outcome":[82],"this":[84,90],"problem":[85],"clinical":[87],"fields.":[88],"Therefore,":[89],"study":[91],"about":[93],"reviewing":[95],"different":[96,116,144,154],"aspects":[99],"such":[103],"as:":[104],"resistance,":[108],"mechanisms,":[111],"reversibility,":[114],"types":[117,145],"lactamase":[120],"genes,":[122],"Resistance":[123,130],"Genes":[124,131],"East,":[128],"review":[136],"highlighted":[137],"all":[138,170],"research":[139,190],"showing":[140],"existence":[142],"ESBL":[147],"humans,":[149],"animals":[150],"environments":[152],"places":[155],"\u03b2-lactamases":[163],"spread":[168],"parts":[171],"which":[175],"public":[177],"health":[178],"threating;":[179],"therefore,":[180],"it\u2019s":[181],"important":[182],"limit":[184],"Antibiotic":[185],"use":[186],"by":[187],"people.":[188],"Further":[189],"required":[192],"studied":[195],"area":[196],"understand":[198],"reason":[200],"attempt":[206],"find":[208],"new":[209],"very":[212],"necessary":[213],"save":[215],"future":[216],"humans":[217],"life.":[218]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-13T13:42:25.865203","created_date":"2021-03-01T00:00:00"}