{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3130078343","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0972150920976702","title":"Empirical Contribution of Human Capital in Entrepreneurship","display_name":"Empirical Contribution of Human Capital in Entrepreneurship","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-02-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3130078343","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0972150920976702","mag":"3130078343"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/0972150920976702","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0972150920976702","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0972150920976702","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S967494592","display_name":"Global Business Review","issn_l":"0972-1509","issn":["0972-1509","0973-0664"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Global Business Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057778458","display_name":"Noman Arshed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8940-5391","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8940-5391"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87482320","display_name":"University of Management and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0095xcq10","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87482320"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Noman Arshed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Economics, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8940-5391","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economics, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87482320"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035795156","display_name":"Ramla Rauf","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102134673","display_name":"Link\u00f6ping University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ynxx418","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102134673"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ramla Rauf","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Business Administration, Linkoping University, Linkoping, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Business Administration, Linkoping University, Linkoping, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102134673"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015567915","display_name":"Samra Bukhari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0228-9672","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0228-9672"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87482320","display_name":"University of Management and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0095xcq10","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87482320"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Samra Bukhari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Economics, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economics, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87482320"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5057778458"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87482320"],"apc_list":{"value":3000,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3000},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.1989,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":48,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96197701,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"3","first_page":"683","last_page":"704"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10058","display_name":"Entrepreneurship Studies and Influences","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10058","display_name":"Entrepreneurship Studies and Influences","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10393","display_name":"Economic Growth and Productivity","score":0.003700000001117587,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12312","display_name":"Culture, Economy, and Development Studies","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3317","display_name":"Demography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entrepreneurship","display_name":"entrepreneurship","score":0.7350000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-capital","display_name":"human capital","score":0.9769999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-growth","display_name":"economic growth","score":0.6650000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/u-shaped-relationship","display_name":"U-shaped relationship","score":0.7419999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-attainment","display_name":"educational attainment","score":0.5529999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cross-national-comparison","display_name":"cross-national comparison","score":0.6269999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entrepreneurship-policy","display_name":"entrepreneurship policy","score":0.5559999942779541}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84309077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3908516","display_name":"Entrepreneurship","level":2,"score":0.8611289858818054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776943663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165687","display_name":"Human capital","level":2,"score":0.6510552167892456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.5551837086677551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.5234253406524658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987553829","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5380761","display_name":"Entrepreneurship education","level":3,"score":0.5074686408042908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.43436452746391296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167562979","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q271857","display_name":"Classical economics","level":1,"score":0.4337519109249115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26271046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187097","display_name":"Economic geography","level":1,"score":0.3422692120075226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.3391486704349518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.30072492361068726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1113189160823822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.085288405418396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.07700967788696289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/0972150920976702","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0972150920976702","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0972150920976702","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S967494592","display_name":"Global Business Review","issn_l":"0972-1509","issn":["0972-1509","0973-0664"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Global Business Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:sae:globus:v:25:y:2024:i:3:p:683-704","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0972150920976702","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.833299994468689,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"},{"score":0.6164000034332275,"display_name":"Quality education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":65,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W566586761","https://openalex.org/W1482869895","https://openalex.org/W1487091971","https://openalex.org/W1494445074","https://openalex.org/W1529346709","https://openalex.org/W1542554474","https://openalex.org/W1554232252","https://openalex.org/W1558502317","https://openalex.org/W1593745212","https://openalex.org/W1594247601","https://openalex.org/W1608489200","https://openalex.org/W1746989959","https://openalex.org/W1799410249","https://openalex.org/W1841645912","https://openalex.org/W1969242724","https://openalex.org/W1975944435","https://openalex.org/W1988018229","https://openalex.org/W1994860938","https://openalex.org/W2002507460","https://openalex.org/W2006422492","https://openalex.org/W2018334116","https://openalex.org/W2026804461","https://openalex.org/W2044359731","https://openalex.org/W2045312745","https://openalex.org/W2051122949","https://openalex.org/W2054126945","https://openalex.org/W2055762420","https://openalex.org/W2057747891","https://openalex.org/W2059383461","https://openalex.org/W2070631858","https://openalex.org/W2071594062","https://openalex.org/W2087961193","https://openalex.org/W2104347139","https://openalex.org/W2106253226","https://openalex.org/W2120429936","https://openalex.org/W2131853674","https://openalex.org/W2132775454","https://openalex.org/W2161690051","https://openalex.org/W2169667133","https://openalex.org/W2172080263","https://openalex.org/W2259938761","https://openalex.org/W2263047173","https://openalex.org/W2296343329","https://openalex.org/W2374909819","https://openalex.org/W2501485413","https://openalex.org/W2518813265","https://openalex.org/W2586727225","https://openalex.org/W2771346238","https://openalex.org/W2787947967","https://openalex.org/W2793094141","https://openalex.org/W2883259295","https://openalex.org/W2899564791","https://openalex.org/W2901943249","https://openalex.org/W2909558465","https://openalex.org/W2929360583","https://openalex.org/W2940181280","https://openalex.org/W2989757670","https://openalex.org/W3000284693","https://openalex.org/W3041312325","https://openalex.org/W3046099516","https://openalex.org/W3121583106","https://openalex.org/W3122238729","https://openalex.org/W3123659395","https://openalex.org/W4206562526","https://openalex.org/W4302553150"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4225327523","https://openalex.org/W2174999541","https://openalex.org/W284976501","https://openalex.org/W7097260733","https://openalex.org/W7033982997","https://openalex.org/W7202215199","https://openalex.org/W1980360031","https://openalex.org/W2768187904","https://openalex.org/W1488151618","https://openalex.org/W2469730151"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,88],"empirical":[1],"effects":[2],"of":[3,28,52,62,76,90,105,123,133],"entrepreneurship":[4,16,111],"on":[5],"economic":[6],"growth":[7],"through":[8],"different":[9,50,55,60],"channels":[10],"have":[11,40,54],"convinced":[12],"researchers":[13],"to":[14,47,129],"coin":[15],"as":[17],"an":[18],"important":[19],"indicator.":[20],"While":[21],"many":[22],"studies":[23,39],"are":[24],"exploring":[25],"the":[26,32,69,72,80,85,113,120],"determinants":[27],"entrepreneurship,":[29,48],"education":[30,45,53,63,77,106],"is":[31,35],"one":[33],"which":[34],"most":[36],"studied.":[37],"Empirical":[38],"discussed":[41],"that":[42,71,101],"no":[43],"doubt":[44],"leads":[46],"but":[49],"levels":[51,104],"effects.":[56],"This":[57,116],"study":[58,117],"isolated":[59],"types":[61],"and":[64,74,82],"formed":[65],"quadratic":[66],"function":[67],"in":[68,112],"expectation":[70],"type":[73,132],"incidence":[75],"may":[78],"change":[79],"intentions":[81],"environment":[83],"for":[84],"prospective":[86],"entrepreneur.":[87],"estimates":[89],"feasible":[91],"generalized":[92],"least":[93],"squares":[94],"(FGLS)":[95],"model":[96],"using":[97],"103":[98],"countries":[99],"show":[100],"all":[102],"three":[103],"form":[107],"U-shaped":[108],"relationship":[109],"with":[110,127],"overall":[114],"model.":[115],"helps":[118],"identify":[119],"current":[121],"positioning":[122],"countries,":[124],"suggesting":[125],"policies":[126],"respect":[128],"a":[130],"particular":[131],"education.":[134]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2021-03-01T00:00:00"}