{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3127035975","doi":"https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v9i1.3360","title":"Roots of Incivility: How Personality, Media Use, and Online Experiences Shape Uncivil Participation","display_name":"Roots of Incivility: How Personality, Media Use, and Online Experiences Shape Uncivil Participation","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-02-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3127035975","doi":"https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v9i1.3360","mag":"3127035975"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.17645/mac.v9i1.3360","doi":"https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v9i1.3360","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v9i1.3360","pdf_url":"https://www.cogitatiopress.com/mediaandcommunication/article/download/3360/3360","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764971081","display_name":"Media and Communication","issn_l":"2183-2439","issn":["2183-2439"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318509","host_organization_name":"Cogitatio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318509"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cogitatio"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Media and Communication","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","datacite","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.cogitatiopress.com/mediaandcommunication/article/download/3360/3360","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003674445","display_name":"Lena Frischlich","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5039-5301","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5039-5301"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I22465464","display_name":"University of M\u00fcnster","ror":"https://ror.org/00pd74e08","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I22465464"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8204097","display_name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","ror":"https://ror.org/05591te55","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lena Frischlich","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Communication, University of M\u00fcnster, Germany / Department of Media and Communication, University of Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5039-5301","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Communication, University of M\u00fcnster, Germany / Department of Media and Communication, University of Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22465464","https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040539135","display_name":"Tim Schatto\u2010Eckrodt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1658-4373","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1658-4373"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I22465464","display_name":"University of M\u00fcnster","ror":"https://ror.org/00pd74e08","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I22465464"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tim Schatto-Eckrodt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Communication, University of M\u00fcnster, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1658-4373","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Communication, University of M\u00fcnster, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22465464"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088770363","display_name":"Svenja Boberg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3518-2145","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3518-2145"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I22465464","display_name":"University of M\u00fcnster","ror":"https://ror.org/00pd74e08","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I22465464"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Svenja Boberg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Communication, University of M\u00fcnster, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Communication, University of M\u00fcnster, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22465464"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028862815","display_name":"Florian Wintterlin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1837-6079","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1837-6079"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I22465464","display_name":"University of M\u00fcnster","ror":"https://ror.org/00pd74e08","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I22465464"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Florian Wintterlin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Communication, University of M\u00fcnster, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1837-6079","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Communication, University of M\u00fcnster, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22465464"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1050,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":1132},"apc_paid":{"value":1050,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":1132},"fwci":16.7744,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":75,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99233716,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"1","first_page":"195","last_page":"208"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10557","display_name":"Social Media and Politics","score":0.6273999810218811,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10557","display_name":"Social Media and Politics","score":0.6273999810218811,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.29829999804496765,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.0430000014603138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/online-incivility","display_name":"online incivility","score":0.9359999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dark-personality-traits","display_name":"dark personality traits","score":0.781000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dark-triad","display_name":"Dark Triad","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/right-wing-populism","display_name":"right-wing populism","score":0.8209999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-media-use","display_name":"social media use","score":0.875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hate-speech","display_name":"hate speech","score":0.8130000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-attitudes","display_name":"political attitudes","score":0.6259999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emotions","display_name":"emotions","score":0.7129999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/online-discussion","display_name":"online discourse","score":0.44999998807907104}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133987381","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3149921","display_name":"Incivility","level":2,"score":0.9180988669395447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.615179717540741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5448744893074036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187288502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641118","display_name":"Personality","level":2,"score":0.48059770464897156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.45353057980537415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2865642","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q378132","display_name":"Big Five personality traits","level":3,"score":0.4481562077999115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780015519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23808211","display_name":"Civility","level":3,"score":0.44242382049560547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.41803622245788574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776886188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q373752","display_name":"Victimisation","level":4,"score":0.4151194989681244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.38029810786247253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.3383629620075226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.2464839220046997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017944768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1450463","display_name":"Poison control","level":2,"score":0.18007749319076538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526869908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3298118","display_name":"Suicide prevention","level":3,"score":0.14108127355575562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":7,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.17645/mac.v9i1.3360","doi":"https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v9i1.3360","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v9i1.3360","pdf_url":"https://www.cogitatiopress.com/mediaandcommunication/article/download/3360/3360","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764971081","display_name":"Media and Communication","issn_l":"2183-2439","issn":["2183-2439"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318509","host_organization_name":"Cogitatio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318509"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cogitatio"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Media and Communication","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ojs.cogitatiopress.com:article/3360","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.cogitatiopress.com/mediaandcommunication/article/view/3360","pdf_url":"https://www.cogitatiopress.com/mediaandcommunication/article/download/3360/1960","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401303","display_name":"Cogitatio (Cogitatio)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"10.17645/mac.i207","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:cog:meanco:v9:y:2021:i:1:p:195-208","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.cogitatiopress.com/mediaandcommunication/article/view/3360","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:de726c1afca54f02a8a28ac1f2f2c0dd","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/de726c1afca54f02a8a28ac1f2f2c0dd","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Media and Communication, Vol 9, Iss 1, Pp 195-208 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:gesis.izsoz.de:document/76480","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/76480","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401996","display_name":"Social Science Open Access Repository (GESIS \u2013 Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210101898","host_organization_name":"GESIS - Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210101898"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Media and Communication","raw_type":"Zeitschriftenartikel"},{"id":"pmh:oai:wwu.de:bae5a5c3-7184-4ce4-a282-81f6ad631bdf","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://miami.uni-muenster.de/Record/bae5a5c3-7184-4ce4-a282-81f6ad631bdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402051","display_name":"URN:NBN Resolver for Germany & Switzerland (German National Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2802635041","host_organization_name":"Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802635041"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"doi:10.17879/13059462401","doi":"https://doi.org/10.17879/13059462401","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.17879/13059462401","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407053005","display_name":"Universit\u00e4ts- und Landesbibliothek M\u00fcnster","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.17645/mac.v9i1.3360","doi":"https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v9i1.3360","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v9i1.3360","pdf_url":"https://www.cogitatiopress.com/mediaandcommunication/article/download/3360/3360","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764971081","display_name":"Media and Communication","issn_l":"2183-2439","issn":["2183-2439"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318509","host_organization_name":"Cogitatio","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318509"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cogitatio"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Media and Communication","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.9595999717712402,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.7099999785423279,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6489766927","display_name":"Verbundprojekt: Erkennung, Nachweis und Bek\u00e4mpfung verdeckter Propaganda-Angriffe \u00fcber neue Online-Medien - PropStop -, Teilvorhaben: Empirische Studien zur Identifikation verdeckter Propaganda-Angriffe","funder_award_id":"16KIS0496","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321114","funder_display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321114","display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","ror":"https://ror.org/04pz7b180"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3127035975.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3127035975.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":62,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W569937308","https://openalex.org/W1002119953","https://openalex.org/W1913936839","https://openalex.org/W1970593207","https://openalex.org/W1982777740","https://openalex.org/W1986694711","https://openalex.org/W1989445724","https://openalex.org/W2000617269","https://openalex.org/W2025544718","https://openalex.org/W2037600137","https://openalex.org/W2038476880","https://openalex.org/W2041024664","https://openalex.org/W2064186732","https://openalex.org/W2069502931","https://openalex.org/W2071914177","https://openalex.org/W2079330247","https://openalex.org/W2082220164","https://openalex.org/W2092672023","https://openalex.org/W2097016269","https://openalex.org/W2105896267","https://openalex.org/W2108204220","https://openalex.org/W2115989071","https://openalex.org/W2118614408","https://openalex.org/W2121451734","https://openalex.org/W2122225159","https://openalex.org/W2124137536","https://openalex.org/W2158253198","https://openalex.org/W2333142274","https://openalex.org/W2344895078","https://openalex.org/W2411868784","https://openalex.org/W2492116936","https://openalex.org/W2502438884","https://openalex.org/W2546659999","https://openalex.org/W2589092962","https://openalex.org/W2596413131","https://openalex.org/W2602322213","https://openalex.org/W2605373151","https://openalex.org/W2749583460","https://openalex.org/W2750848784","https://openalex.org/W2761179920","https://openalex.org/W2796073041","https://openalex.org/W2887083842","https://openalex.org/W2895581265","https://openalex.org/W2895640244","https://openalex.org/W2901947823","https://openalex.org/W2903060852","https://openalex.org/W2903894517","https://openalex.org/W2923252112","https://openalex.org/W2925224691","https://openalex.org/W2953180101","https://openalex.org/W2958580242","https://openalex.org/W2966576492","https://openalex.org/W2981237955","https://openalex.org/W2983022794","https://openalex.org/W2994003903","https://openalex.org/W3008488021","https://openalex.org/W3033785468","https://openalex.org/W3036385388","https://openalex.org/W4212804856","https://openalex.org/W4226085925","https://openalex.org/W4250756119","https://openalex.org/W6920653051"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3089955741","https://openalex.org/W2969322373","https://openalex.org/W3113056467","https://openalex.org/W1928752851","https://openalex.org/W4327639838","https://openalex.org/W1604261762","https://openalex.org/W2005989194","https://openalex.org/W4232287199","https://openalex.org/W4388296795","https://openalex.org/W2266801268"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Online":[0],"media":[1,74],"offer":[2],"unprecedented":[3],"access":[4],"to":[5,81],"digital":[6],"public":[7],"spheres,":[8],"largely":[9],"enhancing":[10],"users\u2019":[11,71,113],"opportunities":[12],"for":[13,19,233],"participation":[14,214],"and":[15,46,54,76,83,103,107,112,118,180,189],"providing":[16],"new":[17],"means":[18],"strengthening":[20],"democratic":[21],"discourse.":[22],"At":[23],"the":[24,27,42,68,92,105,140,147,173,209,216,223],"same":[25],"time,":[26],"last":[28,148],"decades":[29],"have":[30],"demonstrated":[31],"that":[32,137,162,212,231],"online":[33,77,85,120,206,229],"discourses":[34,121],"are":[35],"often":[36],"characterised":[37],"by":[38,172],"so-called":[39],"\u2018dark":[40],"participation\u2019":[41],"spreading":[43],"of":[44,62,70,91,109,139,195,218,225],"lies":[45],"incivility.":[47],"Using":[48,87],"\u2018problematic":[49],"behaviour":[50],"theory\u2019":[51],"as":[52,58,128,170],"framework":[53],"focusing":[55],"on":[56],"incivility":[57,145,163],"a":[59,88],"specific":[60],"form":[61],"dark":[63,98,174,213],"participation,":[64],"this":[65],"article":[66],"investigates":[67],"role":[69],"personal":[72,203],"characteristics,":[73],"use,":[75,111],"experiences":[78,114,204,240],"in":[79,146,153,215,241],"relation":[80],"offensive":[82],"hateful":[84],"behaviour.":[86],"random-quota":[89],"survey":[90],"German":[93],"population,":[94],"we":[95],"explored":[96],"how":[97],"personality":[99,168,226],"traits,":[100,227],"political":[101],"attitudes":[102],"emotions,":[104],"frequency":[106],"spaces":[108],"online-media":[110],"with":[115,166,185,205],"both":[116,186],"civil":[117,187],"uncivil":[119,125,133,154,196,219],"predicted":[122,192],"participants":[123,141],"own":[124],"behaviour,":[126],"such":[127],"posting,":[129],"sharing,":[130],"or":[131],"liking":[132],"content.":[134],"We":[135],"found":[136],"46%":[138],"who":[142],"had":[143],"witnessed":[144],"three":[149],"months":[150],"also":[151],"engaged":[152],"participation.":[155,197],"A":[156],"hierarchical":[157],"logistic":[158],"regression":[159],"analysis":[160],"showed":[161],"was":[164,201],"associated":[165],"manipulative":[167],"traits":[169],"measured":[171],"triad,":[175],"right-wing":[176],"populist":[177],"voting":[178],"intentions,":[179],"frequent":[181],"social-media":[182],"use.":[183],"Experiences":[184],"comments":[188],"hate":[190],"speech":[191],"higher":[193],"levels":[194],"The":[198],"strongest":[199],"predictor":[200],"participants\u2019":[202,239],"victimisation.":[207],"Overall,":[208],"results":[210,221],"confirmed":[211],"sense":[217],"engagement":[220],"from":[222],"interplay":[224],"an":[228],"environment":[230],"allows":[232],"deviant":[234],"engagement,":[235],"and,":[236],"most":[237],"importantly,":[238],"said":[242],"environment.":[243]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}