{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3127025258","doi":"https://doi.org/10.46717/igj.54.1a.7ms-2021-01-28","title":"Detection of the Impact of Climate Change on Desertification and Sand Dunes Formation East of the Tigris River in Salah Al-Din Governorate Using Remote Sensing Techniques","display_name":"Detection of the Impact of Climate Change on Desertification and Sand Dunes Formation East of the Tigris River in Salah Al-Din Governorate Using Remote Sensing Techniques","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3127025258","doi":"https://doi.org/10.46717/igj.54.1a.7ms-2021-01-28","mag":"3127025258"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.46717/igj.54.1a.7ms-2021-01-28","doi":"https://doi.org/10.46717/igj.54.1a.7ms-2021-01-28","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.46717/igj.54.1a.7ms-2021-01-28","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210204089","display_name":"Iraqi Geological Journal","issn_l":"2414-6064","issn":["2414-6064","2663-8754"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Iraqi Geological Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.46717/igj.54.1a.7ms-2021-01-28","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015409019","display_name":"Muaid Jassim Rasheed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7699-8346","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7699-8346"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135120706","display_name":"University of Baghdad","ror":"https://ror.org/007f1da21","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135120706"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muaid Jassim Rasheed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of geology, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq","Department of Geology, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of geology, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135120706"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geology, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135120706"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038283749","display_name":"Fouad K. Mashee Al-Ramahi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0519-7346","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0519-7346"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135120706","display_name":"University of Baghdad","ror":"https://ror.org/007f1da21","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135120706"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fouad Khadim Mashee Al-Ramahi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Remote sensing unit, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq","Remote sensing unit College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Remote sensing unit, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135120706"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Remote sensing unit College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135120706"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135120706"],"apc_list":{"value":175,"currency":"USD","value_usd":175},"apc_paid":{"value":175,"currency":"USD","value_usd":175},"fwci":2.7562,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89876881,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"69","last_page":"83"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12383","display_name":"Aeolian processes and effects","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1904","display_name":"Earth-Surface Processes"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12383","display_name":"Aeolian processes and effects","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1904","display_name":"Earth-Surface Processes"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13203","display_name":"Environmental Changes in China","score":0.003700000001117587,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12577","display_name":"Geography and Environmental Studies","score":0.0010000000474974513,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/desertification","display_name":"desertification","score":0.9340000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climate-change-impacts","display_name":"climate change impacts","score":0.9160000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tigris-river","display_name":"Tigris River","score":0.6970000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/salah-al-din-governorate","display_name":"Salah al-Din Governorate","score":0.8790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/landsat-imagery","display_name":"Landsat imagery","score":0.5680000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maximum-likelihood-classifier","display_name":"maximum likelihood classification","score":0.8220000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/temperature","display_name":"temperature","score":0.4320000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evaporation","display_name":"evaporation","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wind-speed","display_name":"wind speed","score":0.9179999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rainfall","display_name":"rainfall","score":0.8349999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geomorphic-change","display_name":"geomorphological change","score":0.652999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/farmland-loss","display_name":"agricultural land loss","score":0.609000027179718}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33559203","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183481","display_name":"Desertification","level":2,"score":0.8749412298202515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776133958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7918366","display_name":"Vegetation (pathology)","level":2,"score":0.6388044357299805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132651083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942","display_name":"Climate change","level":2,"score":0.6021682620048523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100970517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52107","display_name":"Physical geography","level":1,"score":0.5821154713630676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107054158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25257","display_name":"Precipitation","level":2,"score":0.5669291019439697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167110946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4185006","display_name":"Sand dune stabilization","level":2,"score":0.5449082851409912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5209280848503113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150772632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1330709","display_name":"Arid","level":2,"score":0.4845820665359497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.43704575300216675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76886044","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2883300","display_name":"Hydrology (agriculture)","level":2,"score":0.4359104633331299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49204034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139","display_name":"Climatology","level":1,"score":0.37610673904418945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.35902127623558044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.18993645906448364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.17863509058952332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114793014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52109","display_name":"Geomorphology","level":1,"score":0.17572656273841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.46717/igj.54.1a.7ms-2021-01-28","doi":"https://doi.org/10.46717/igj.54.1a.7ms-2021-01-28","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.46717/igj.54.1a.7ms-2021-01-28","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210204089","display_name":"Iraqi Geological Journal","issn_l":"2414-6064","issn":["2414-6064","2663-8754"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Iraqi Geological Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:410e8f1c23374d6f8d06ca7db66d74b3","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/410e8f1c23374d6f8d06ca7db66d74b3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Iraqi Geological Journal, Vol 54, Iss 1A, Pp 69-83 (2021)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.46717/igj.54.1a.7ms-2021-01-28","doi":"https://doi.org/10.46717/igj.54.1a.7ms-2021-01-28","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.46717/igj.54.1a.7ms-2021-01-28","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210204089","display_name":"Iraqi Geological Journal","issn_l":"2414-6064","issn":["2414-6064","2663-8754"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["doaj","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Iraqi Geological Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"},{"score":0.9599999785423279,"display_name":"Life on land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.699999988079071,"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1537844550","https://openalex.org/W1967246623","https://openalex.org/W1989144123","https://openalex.org/W1992023680","https://openalex.org/W2001666814","https://openalex.org/W2010553945","https://openalex.org/W2034516548","https://openalex.org/W2087091604","https://openalex.org/W2147735901","https://openalex.org/W2150707256","https://openalex.org/W2167494460","https://openalex.org/W2188788900","https://openalex.org/W2509257839","https://openalex.org/W2746921521","https://openalex.org/W2836147354","https://openalex.org/W2898097391","https://openalex.org/W2923418229","https://openalex.org/W2980655104","https://openalex.org/W3011774618","https://openalex.org/W3015868059","https://openalex.org/W3025505560","https://openalex.org/W3044130018","https://openalex.org/W3083417390","https://openalex.org/W3089001481","https://openalex.org/W3127907073"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4213384832","https://openalex.org/W2375405924","https://openalex.org/W3104554723","https://openalex.org/W2362204306","https://openalex.org/W2735481494","https://openalex.org/W2278320901","https://openalex.org/W4205524534","https://openalex.org/W405450223","https://openalex.org/W1982751035","https://openalex.org/W2766367654"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,50,84,108,174],"study":[1,58,88],"deals":[2],"with":[3,183,238,259],"the":[4,11,53,57,63,87,99,103,114,119,139,148,180,186,190,193,207,210,214,221,227,241,247,252,260,273,277,283],"geological":[5,64],"situation":[6],"of":[7,13,44,75,86,102,142,151,162,195,203,209,223,229,243,265,285],"Earth's":[8,24,54,181],"features,":[9],"and":[10,46,68,78,116,124,147,167,197,201,279],"effect":[12],"climate":[14,85,111,184],"on":[15,81],"them,":[16],"through":[17],"monitoring":[18],"changes":[19,178],"that":[20],"have":[21],"occurred":[22],"in":[23,56,98,131,179,192,216,235,246,268,276],"features":[25,55,182],"by":[26,31,92,291],"applying":[27],"supervised":[28],"classification":[29,34],"represented":[30],"maximum":[32],"likelihood":[33],"using":[35,172],"GIS":[36],"10.7":[37],"for":[38],"years":[39],"1990\u20132019":[40],"to":[41,62,206,220,232,251,295],"produce":[42],"maps":[43],"desertification":[45,115,200,230],"sand":[47,106],"dunes":[48,117,204,244,274],"encroachment.":[49],"factors":[51,112],"forming":[52],"area":[59,89,211,228,242],"vary":[60],"due":[61,205,219],"structure,":[65],"geomorphological":[66,100],"processes,":[67],"climatic":[69],"factors,":[70],"which":[71],"requires":[72],"an":[73,164],"analysis":[74],"these":[76],"processes":[77],"their":[79],"impact":[80],"environmental":[82],"components.":[83],"is":[90],"characterized":[91],"continental":[93],"characteristics":[94],"causing":[95],"significant":[96],"differences":[97],"units":[101],"region,":[104],"especially":[105],"dunes.":[107],"most":[109],"important":[110],"affecting":[113],"are":[118],"temperature,":[120,143],"evaporation,":[121,144],"wind":[122,145,266],"speed":[123,146],"rainfall.":[125],"Three":[126],"satellite":[127],"images":[128],"were":[129],"used":[130],"this":[132],"study,":[133],"obtained":[134,153],"from":[135,154,213],"Landsat":[136],"5-8":[137],"besides,":[138],"rate":[140,194],"annual":[141,150],"total":[149],"rainfall":[152,217],"European":[155],"center":[156],"ECMWF.":[157],"To":[158],"obtain":[159],"high":[160],"accuracy":[161],"classification,":[163],"Error":[165],"Matrix":[166],"Kappa":[168],"Coefficient":[169],"was":[170],"processed":[171],"ERDAS.":[173],"results":[175],"showed":[176],"clear":[177],"during":[185],"entire":[187],"period,":[188],"where":[189],"increase":[191],"temperature":[196],"evaporation":[198],"enhances":[199],"encroachment":[202,256],"dryness":[208],"resulting":[212],"decrease":[215],"rates":[218],"lack":[222],"vegetation":[224],"growth,":[225],"as":[226,262,288],"increased":[231],"3028":[233],"km2":[234],"2019,":[236],"compared":[237,250,294],"1990,":[239],"while":[240],"double,":[245],"year":[248,253],"2019":[249],"1990.":[254,296],"dune":[255],"changed":[257],"directly":[258],"winds":[261],"a":[263,269],"result":[264],"blowing":[267],"northwestern":[270],"direction,":[271],"so":[272],"expanded":[275],"south":[278],"southwest":[280],"direction":[281],"at":[282],"expense":[284],"cultivated":[286],"areas":[287],"they":[289],"encroachments":[290],"20":[292],"km":[293]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-18T07:49:30.821534","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}