{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3126829239","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1167/tvst.10.2.4","title":"Meibography Phenotyping and Classification From Unsupervised Discriminative Feature Learning","display_name":"Meibography Phenotyping and Classification From Unsupervised Discriminative Feature Learning","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-02-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3126829239","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1167/tvst.10.2.4","mag":"3126829239","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34003889","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7873493"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1167/tvst.10.2.4","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1167/tvst.10.2.4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1167/tvst.10.2.4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764591444","display_name":"Translational Vision Science & Technology","issn_l":"2164-2591","issn":["2164-2591"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315919","host_organization_name":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315919"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Translational Vision Science & Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1167/tvst.10.2.4","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111130446","display_name":"Chun-Hsiao Yeh","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1297971548","display_name":"International Computer Science Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01ewh7m12","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1297971548"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chun-Hsiao Yeh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Clinical Research Center, School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA","International Computer Science Institute, Berkeley, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Clinical Research Center, School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Computer Science Institute, Berkeley, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1297971548"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042014034","display_name":"Stella X. Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3507-5761","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3507-5761"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1297971548","display_name":"International Computer Science Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/01ewh7m12","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1297971548"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stella X. Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["International Computer Science Institute, Berkeley, CA, USA","Vision Science Group, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Computer Science Institute, Berkeley, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1297971548"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vision Science Group, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018591572","display_name":"Meng C. Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4301-0279","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4301-0279"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Meng C. Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Clinical Research Center, School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA","Vision Science Group, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Clinical Research Center, School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Vision Science Group, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5018591572"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"],"apc_list":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"apc_paid":{"value":1850,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1850},"fwci":4.541,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":34,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95040564,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"2","first_page":"4","last_page":"4"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10997","display_name":"Ocular Surface and Contact Lens","score":0.9336000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10997","display_name":"Ocular Surface and Contact Lens","score":0.9336000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":0.013299999758601189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.0032999999821186066,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meibography","display_name":"meibography","score":0.9490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meibomian-gland-atrophy","display_name":"meibomian gland atrophy","score":0.925000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meibomian-gland-dysfunction","display_name":"meibomian gland dysfunction","score":0.7990000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unsupervised-representation-learning","display_name":"unsupervised feature learning","score":0.9679999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hierarchical-clustering","display_name":"hierarchical clustering","score":0.7599999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-networks","display_name":"convolutional neural networks","score":0.640999972820282}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7512290477752686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.717890739440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.7045209407806396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6835366487503052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777165675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1425513","display_name":"Meibomian gland","level":3,"score":0.5615043640136719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8038995","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1152135","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","level":2,"score":0.5051801800727844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.5033673644065857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.49701836705207825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92835128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1277447","display_name":"Hierarchical clustering","level":3,"score":0.49401384592056274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.49309179186820984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59404180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17013334","display_name":"Feature learning","level":2,"score":0.49042341113090515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.46942856907844543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66746571","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134833","display_name":"ENCODE","level":3,"score":0.4497987926006317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.4144708514213562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.20955100655555725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.10350409150123596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.09416112303733826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781302119","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48228","display_name":"Eyelid","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000080343","descriptor_name":"Meibomian Gland Dysfunction","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001284","descriptor_name":"Atrophy","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005141","descriptor_name":"Eyelid Diseases","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008537","descriptor_name":"Meibomian Glands","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1167/tvst.10.2.4","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1167/tvst.10.2.4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1167/tvst.10.2.4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764591444","display_name":"Translational Vision Science & Technology","issn_l":"2164-2591","issn":["2164-2591"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315919","host_organization_name":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315919"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Translational Vision Science & Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7873493","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7873493","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Transl Vis Sci Technol","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:34003889","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34003889","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Translational vision science & technology","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.org/ark:/13030/qt5923n7f2","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5923n7f2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Translational vision science & technology, vol 10, iss 2","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.org:ark:/13030/qt5923n7f2","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5923n7f2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Translational Vision Science & Technology, vol 10, iss 2","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1167/tvst.10.2.4","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1167/tvst.10.2.4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1167/tvst.10.2.4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764591444","display_name":"Translational Vision Science & Technology","issn_l":"2164-2591","issn":["2164-2591"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315919","host_organization_name":"Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315919"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Translational Vision Science & Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.6700000166893005,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1994616650","https://openalex.org/W2017695421","https://openalex.org/W2060305023","https://openalex.org/W2082304601","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2164877011","https://openalex.org/W2187089797","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2560674852","https://openalex.org/W2581082771","https://openalex.org/W2592929672","https://openalex.org/W2593345132","https://openalex.org/W2604272474","https://openalex.org/W2769283606","https://openalex.org/W2787420051","https://openalex.org/W2798991696","https://openalex.org/W2944828972","https://openalex.org/W2947485218","https://openalex.org/W2982673782","https://openalex.org/W2995644550","https://openalex.org/W3005680577","https://openalex.org/W3007539358","https://openalex.org/W3017409929","https://openalex.org/W3028858290","https://openalex.org/W3035042565","https://openalex.org/W3035524453","https://openalex.org/W3045215429","https://openalex.org/W3048309367","https://openalex.org/W3108655343","https://openalex.org/W4236965008"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2995644550","https://openalex.org/W3197440574","https://openalex.org/W4411852440","https://openalex.org/W2059851011","https://openalex.org/W4406276531","https://openalex.org/W2074656701","https://openalex.org/W3084147525","https://openalex.org/W4283382371","https://openalex.org/W3117149079","https://openalex.org/W6884976771"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Purpose:":[0],"The":[1,71,137,176,218],"purpose":[2],"of":[3,38,93,107,214,244],"this":[4],"study":[5,219],"was":[6],"to":[7,33,45,63,74,168,239],"develop":[8],"an":[9],"unsupervised":[10,41,232],"feature":[11,47,69,159],"learning":[12,42,48,109,123],"approach":[13,142,179],"that":[14],"automatically":[15,180],"measures":[16],"Meibomian":[17,222,245],"gland":[18,195,223,246],"(MG)":[19],"atrophy":[20,183,208,224],"severity":[21,184,209],"from":[22,185],"meibography":[23,30,65,83,95,117,173,186,228],"images":[24,31,66,96,118,130,187,229],"and":[25,85,102,110,124,161,192,242,255],"discovers":[26],"subtle":[27],"relationships":[28],"between":[29,172],"according":[32],"visual":[34],"similarity.":[35],"Methods:":[36],"One":[37],"the":[39,105,127,151,170,194,206,212],"latest":[40],"approaches":[43],"is":[44],"apply":[46],"based":[49,210,230],"on":[50,148,205,211,231],"nonparametric":[51,139],"instance":[52,140],"discrimination":[53,141],"(NPID),":[54],"a":[55,76,157,221],"convolutional":[56],"neural":[57],"network":[58,72,108,122,134],"(CNN)":[59],"backbone":[60],"model":[61,135],"trained":[62],"encode":[64],"into":[67],"128-dimensional":[68],"vectors.":[70],"aims":[73],"learn":[75],"similarity":[77],"metric":[78],"across":[79],"all":[80],"instances":[81,89],"(e.g.":[82],"images)":[84],"groups":[86],"visually":[87],"similar":[88],"together.":[90],"A":[91],"total":[92],"706":[94],"with":[97],"corresponding":[98],"meiboscores":[99],"were":[100,119,131,166],"collected":[101],"annotated":[103],"for":[104,121,133,227],"use":[106],"performance":[111],"evaluation.":[112],"Results:":[113],"Four":[114],"hundred":[115],"ninety-seven":[116],"used":[120,132,167,238],"tuning,":[125],"whereas":[126],"remaining":[128],"209":[129],"evaluations.":[136],"proposed":[138,177],"achieved":[143],"80.9%":[144],"meiboscore":[145],"grading":[146],"accuracy":[147],"average,":[149],"outperforming":[150],"clinical":[152],"team":[153],"by":[154],"25.9%.":[155],"Additionally,":[156],"3D":[158],"visualization":[160],"agglomerative":[162],"hierarchical":[163,198],"clustering":[164],"algorithms":[165],"discover":[169],"relationship":[171],"images.":[174],"Conclusions:":[175],"NPID":[178],"analyses":[181],"MG":[182,207],"without":[188,248],"prior":[189,249],"image":[190,250],"annotations,":[191,251],"categorizes":[193],"characteristics":[196],"through":[197],"clustering.":[199],"This":[200,234],"method":[201,226,235],"provides":[202],"quantitative":[203],"information":[204],"analysis":[213],"phenotypes.":[215],"Translational":[216],"Relevance:":[217],"presents":[220],"evaluation":[225],"learning.":[233],"may":[236],"be":[237],"aid":[240],"diagnosis":[241],"management":[243],"dysfunction":[247],"which":[252],"require":[253],"time":[254],"resources.":[256]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2021-02-15T00:00:00"}