{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3125845198","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2012.09.004","title":"The Customs Union issue: why do we observe so few of them?","display_name":"The Customs Union issue: why do we observe so few of them?","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3125845198","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2012.09.004","mag":"3125845198"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:lirias2repo.kuleuven.be:123456789/558584","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2012.09.004","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://lirias.kuleuven.be/bitstream/123456789/558584/1/1-s2.0-S0022199612001638-main.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055369","display_name":"Lirias","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of International Economics, vol. 90 (1), (136-147)","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Da Silva, P.","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142263535","display_name":"University of Nottingham","ror":"https://ror.org/01ee9ar58","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189158943","display_name":"University of Milan","ror":"https://ror.org/00wjc7c48","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189158943"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210140326","display_name":"Centre for Economic Policy Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04jzmdh37","country_code":"GB","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210140326"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163897","display_name":"Centro Studi Luca d\u2019Agliano","ror":"https://ror.org/05m2c7461","country_code":"IT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163897"]}],"countries":["GB","IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Da Silva, P.","raw_affiliation_strings":["CEPR, United Kingdom","CES\u2010Ifo, Germany","Centro Studi Luca d'Agliano, Italy","GEP, United Kingdom","University of Nottingham, United Kingdom","Universit\u00e1 degli Studi di Milano, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CEPR, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210140326"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"CES\u2010Ifo, Germany","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centro Studi Luca d'Agliano, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163897"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"GEP, United Kingdom","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Nottingham, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e1 degli Studi di Milano, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189158943"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001553825","display_name":"Giovanni Facchini A","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6765-7694","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6765-7694"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189590672","display_name":"Kansas State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05p1j8758","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189590672"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163897","display_name":"Centro Studi Luca d\u2019Agliano","ror":"https://ror.org/05m2c7461","country_code":"IT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163897"]}],"countries":["IT","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Facchini, G.","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centro Studi Luca d'Agliano, Italy","Kansas State University, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centro Studi Luca d'Agliano, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163897"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kansas State University, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189590672"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035776223","display_name":"Gerald Willmann B","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4812-1549","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4812-1549"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1308524038","display_name":"Kiel Institute for the World Economy","ror":"https://ror.org/032yym934","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1308524038","https://openalex.org/I315704651"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20121455","display_name":"Bielefeld University","ror":"https://ror.org/02hpadn98","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20121455"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Willmann, Gerald","raw_affiliation_strings":["CES\u2010Ifo, Germany","IfW Kiel, Germany","University of Bielefeld, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CES\u2010Ifo, Germany","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IfW Kiel, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1308524038"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Bielefeld, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20121455"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142263535","https://openalex.org/I189158943","https://openalex.org/I4210140326","https://openalex.org/I4210163897"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.0921,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":41,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97845789,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10128","display_name":"Global trade and economics","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10128","display_name":"Global trade and economics","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12156","display_name":"World Trade Organization Law","score":0.0010999999940395355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10991","display_name":"Game Theory and Voting Systems","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/customs-union","display_name":"customs union","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/free-trade-area","display_name":"free trade area","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preferential-trade-agreements","display_name":"preferential trade agreements","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trade-policy","display_name":"trade policy","score":0.7070000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-economy-of-trade","display_name":"political economy of trade","score":0.8330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/imperfect-competition","display_name":"imperfect competition","score":0.7720000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/strategic-delegation","display_name":"strategic delegation","score":0.8880000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protectionism","display_name":"protectionism","score":0.6610000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voting-behavior","display_name":"voting behavior","score":0.33799999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/welfare-effects","display_name":"welfare effects","score":0.3449999988079071}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22241219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179073","display_name":"Protectionism","level":2,"score":0.8581558465957642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777437813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q218819","display_name":"Customs union","level":2,"score":0.7475020289421082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.7446579933166504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90924733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5335686","display_name":"International free trade agreement","level":3,"score":0.6526946425437927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35532855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200435","display_name":"Free trade","level":2,"score":0.6413818001747131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155202549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803","display_name":"International trade","level":1,"score":0.607536256313324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143273055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2382794","display_name":"Delegate","level":2,"score":0.5941185355186462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18547055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47417","display_name":"International economics","level":1,"score":0.5618250370025635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140413371","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q572564","display_name":"Commercial policy","level":2,"score":0.5577170848846436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777098679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q281682","display_name":"Imperfect competition","level":2,"score":0.5573573708534241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91306197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45767","display_name":"Competition (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5384305715560913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86532276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1184065","display_name":"Delegation","level":2,"score":0.5311340689659119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182769425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q377302","display_name":"Trade barrier","level":2,"score":0.5246953368186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100243477","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12002092","display_name":"Welfare","level":2,"score":0.48561182618141174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.14425712823867798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133425853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60571","display_name":"Neoclassical economics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:lirias2repo.kuleuven.be:123456789/558584","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2012.09.004","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://lirias.kuleuven.be/bitstream/123456789/558584/1/1-s2.0-S0022199612001638-main.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055369","display_name":"Lirias","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of International Economics, vol. 90 (1), (136-147)","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.6601999998092651,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","score":0.5,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":74,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W31487802","https://openalex.org/W1504141701","https://openalex.org/W1509282228","https://openalex.org/W1524426877","https://openalex.org/W1531784422","https://openalex.org/W1532956352","https://openalex.org/W1539684338","https://openalex.org/W1559987752","https://openalex.org/W1564979827","https://openalex.org/W1580603328","https://openalex.org/W1584420991","https://openalex.org/W1654597998","https://openalex.org/W1883900955","https://openalex.org/W1963562194","https://openalex.org/W1969381135","https://openalex.org/W1971454244","https://openalex.org/W1974077603","https://openalex.org/W1980112044","https://openalex.org/W1986502040","https://openalex.org/W1999988716","https://openalex.org/W2008552573","https://openalex.org/W2012294690","https://openalex.org/W2029053078","https://openalex.org/W2032757119","https://openalex.org/W2038670891","https://openalex.org/W2046800694","https://openalex.org/W2054663013","https://openalex.org/W2065184172","https://openalex.org/W2073389424","https://openalex.org/W2073916725","https://openalex.org/W2081625599","https://openalex.org/W2082012289","https://openalex.org/W2082829169","https://openalex.org/W2089340160","https://openalex.org/W2093006273","https://openalex.org/W2093882932","https://openalex.org/W2099507810","https://openalex.org/W2110274457","https://openalex.org/W2110988936","https://openalex.org/W2115662489","https://openalex.org/W2139503914","https://openalex.org/W2143535349","https://openalex.org/W2144943428","https://openalex.org/W2151802225","https://openalex.org/W2154020863","https://openalex.org/W2160326790","https://openalex.org/W2163049252","https://openalex.org/W2167451951","https://openalex.org/W2169708822","https://openalex.org/W2237609128","https://openalex.org/W2255542946","https://openalex.org/W2277868601","https://openalex.org/W2278595678","https://openalex.org/W2329718716","https://openalex.org/W2741872151","https://openalex.org/W2745186850","https://openalex.org/W2891356603","https://openalex.org/W2891894567","https://openalex.org/W3121319080","https://openalex.org/W3121422435","https://openalex.org/W3121912903","https://openalex.org/W3122747635","https://openalex.org/W3123940772","https://openalex.org/W3124006254","https://openalex.org/W3124017431","https://openalex.org/W3124458483","https://openalex.org/W3124500945","https://openalex.org/W3125026128","https://openalex.org/W3125029569","https://openalex.org/W3125057453","https://openalex.org/W3125364306","https://openalex.org/W3125603392","https://openalex.org/W3125907536","https://openalex.org/W3141975210"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2151007388","https://openalex.org/W7018196034","https://openalex.org/W7097409516","https://openalex.org/W7095701671","https://openalex.org/W2277126157","https://openalex.org/W1560087110","https://openalex.org/W1969381135","https://openalex.org/W1996461270","https://openalex.org/W2050684054","https://openalex.org/W2084280775"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"number":[1],"of":[2,21,45,59],"preferential":[3],"trade":[4,23,46,61,113,134],"agreements":[5],"has":[6],"greatly":[7],"increased":[8],"over":[9],"the":[10,19,57,77,89,116,126],"past":[11],"two":[12],"decades,":[13],"yet":[14],"most":[15],"existing":[16],"arrangements":[17],"take":[18],"form":[20],"free":[22,60,112,133],"areas,":[24],"and":[25],"less":[26],"than":[27,143],"10%":[28],"can":[29],"be":[30,33,80,140],"considered":[31],"to":[32,51,75,79,91,96,100,122,139],"fully":[34],"fledged":[35],"customs":[36,87,123,144],"unions.":[37,124,145],"This":[38],"paper":[39],"develops":[40],"a":[41,53,64,67,86],"political":[42],"economy":[43],"model":[44,127],"policy":[47],"under":[48,131],"imperfect":[49],"competition":[50],"provide":[52],"positive":[54],"explanation":[55],"for":[56],"prevalence":[58],"areas.":[62],"In":[63],"three-country":[65],"setting,":[66],"representative":[68],"from":[69],"each":[70],"prospective":[71,117],"member":[72,118],"is":[73],"elected":[74],"determine":[76],"tariffs":[78,93],"applied":[81],"on":[82],"imported":[83],"goods.":[84],"Under":[85],"union,":[88],"necessity":[90],"coordinate":[92],"leads":[94],"voters":[95],"strategically":[97],"delegate":[98],"power":[99],"more":[101,137],"protectionist":[102],"representatives.":[103],"We":[104],"show":[105],"that":[106,111],"strategic":[107],"delegation":[108],"may":[109],"imply":[110],"areas":[114,135],"increase":[115],"countries'":[119],"welfare":[120],"compared":[121],"Moreover,":[125],"also":[128],"indicates":[129],"conditions":[130],"which":[132],"are":[136],"likely":[138],"politically":[141],"viable":[142],"\u00a9":[146],"2012":[147],"Elsevier":[148],"B.V.":[149]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-17T09:40:24.721904","created_date":"2021-02-01T00:00:00"}