{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3125832219","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/t0189","title":"On the Validity of Using Census Geocode Characteristics to Proxy Individual Socioeconomic Characteristics","display_name":"On the Validity of Using Census Geocode Characteristics to Proxy Individual Socioeconomic Characteristics","publication_year":1995,"publication_date":"1995-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3125832219","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/t0189","mag":"3125832219"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3386/t0189","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/t0189","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/t0189","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/t0189","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":"report"},"volume":null,"type":"report","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/t0189","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006005495","display_name":"Arline T. Geronimus","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6918-5777","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6918-5777"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arline Geronimus","raw_affiliation_strings":["Health Behavior and Health Education"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Health Behavior and Health Education","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112094639","display_name":"John Bound","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1475-0542","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1475-0542"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John Bound","raw_affiliation_strings":["Economics"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Economics","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071313617","display_name":"Lisa J. Neidert","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4660-530X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4660-530X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lisa Neidert","raw_affiliation_strings":["\u2020University of Michigan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"\u2020University of Michigan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":30,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10235","display_name":"Health disparities and outcomes","score":0.8223000168800354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3306","display_name":"Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10235","display_name":"Health disparities and outcomes","score":0.8223000168800354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3306","display_name":"Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14509","display_name":"demographic modeling and climate adaptation","score":0.05389999970793724,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10845","display_name":"Advanced Causal Inference Techniques","score":0.027400000020861626,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proxy-bias","display_name":"proxy bias","score":0.8209999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-merging","display_name":"data merging","score":0.3790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/panel-study-of-income-dynamics","display_name":"Panel Study of Income Dynamics","score":0.7400000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/national-maternal-and-infant-health-survey","display_name":"National Maternal and Infant Health Survey","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/infant-mortality","display_name":"infant mortality","score":0.828000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-status","display_name":"health status","score":0.7710000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confounder-adjustment","display_name":"confounding adjustment","score":0.8349999785423279}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780148112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1432581","display_name":"Proxy (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.7882554531097412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147077947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1515895","display_name":"Socioeconomic status","level":3,"score":0.7278362512588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42629822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1346408","display_name":"Geocoding","level":2,"score":0.643467366695404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52130261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39825","display_name":"Census","level":3,"score":0.6389195322990417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.6174393892288208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77350462","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1125472","display_name":"Confounding","level":2,"score":0.6114447116851807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778058735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4692253","display_name":"Aggregate data","level":2,"score":0.5658674240112305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.4177309274673462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.38504788279533386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.32815760374069214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.3226199746131897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.27784961462020874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.1885802447795868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.1710500717163086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.16017863154411316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.1240372359752655}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3386/t0189","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/t0189","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/t0189","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/t0189","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":"report"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:nbr:nberte:0189","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.nber.org/papers/t0189.pdf","pdf_url":"http://www.nber.org/papers/t0189.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3386/t0189","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3386/t0189","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/t0189","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.3386/t0189","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2809516038","display_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4322614461"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Bureau of Economic Research"],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","raw_type":"report"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7578999996185303,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"},{"score":0.46810001134872437,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.6800000071525574,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1","display_name":"No poverty"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3125832219.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7097734701","https://openalex.org/W2097800881","https://openalex.org/W1498024714","https://openalex.org/W2810168072","https://openalex.org/W4236515166","https://openalex.org/W2155532314","https://openalex.org/W7095640926","https://openalex.org/W2037390919","https://openalex.org/W1558594140","https://openalex.org/W7098179875"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Investigators":[0],"of":[1,16,53,81,88,108,137,159,178,219],"social":[2],"differentials":[3],"in":[4,23,64,135,194],"health":[5,139,220],"outcomes":[6,221],"commonly":[7],"augment":[8],"incomplete":[9],"micro":[10,236],"data":[11,204,234,237],"by":[12],"appending":[13],"socioeconomic":[14,131],"characteristics":[15,52],"residential":[17],"areas":[18],"(such":[19],"as":[20,46,114,205],"median":[21],"income":[22],"a":[24,47,72,115,146],"zip":[25],"code)":[26],"to":[27,39,101,155,163,197,226],"proxy":[28,48,116],"for":[29,49,117,127,152,172,216],"individual":[30,51,118],"characteristics.":[31],"However,":[32],"little":[33],"empirical":[34,189],"attention":[35],"has":[36],"been":[37],"paid":[38],"how":[40],"well":[41],"this":[42],"aggregate":[43,111,153,202,233],"information":[44,113,119],"serves":[45],"the":[50,61,77,85,92,106,110,157,192],"interest.":[54],"We":[55,104,144],"build":[56],"on":[57],"recent":[58],"work":[59],"addressing":[60],"biases":[62],"inherent":[63],"proxies":[65,154,199],"and":[66,79,91,95,124,132,141,162,176,188,195],"consider":[67],"two":[68],"health-related":[69],"examples":[70],"within":[71],"statistical":[73,186,212],"framework":[74,187,213],"that":[75],"illuminate":[76],"nature":[78],"sources":[80],"biases.":[82],"Data":[83],"from":[84,201],"Panel":[86],"Study":[87],"Income":[89],"Dynamics":[90],"National":[93],"Maternal":[94],"Infant":[96],"Health":[97],"Survey":[98],"are":[99],"linked":[100],"census":[102,112,203],"data.":[103],"assess":[105],"validity":[107],"using":[109],"when":[120,125],"estimating":[121],"main":[122],"effects,":[123],"controlling":[126,171],"potential":[128],"confounding":[129],"between":[130],"sociodemographic":[133],"factors":[134],"measures":[136],"general":[138],"status":[140],"infant":[142],"mortality.":[143],"find":[145],"general,":[147],"but":[148],"not":[149],"universal,":[150],"tendency":[151],"exaggerate":[156],"effects":[158],"micro-level":[160,168,209],"variables":[161,169],"do":[164],"more":[165],"poorly":[166],"than":[167],"at":[170],"confounding.":[173],"The":[174,211],"magnitude":[175],"direction":[177],"these":[179],"biases,":[180],"however,":[181],"vary":[182],"across":[183],"samples.":[184,238],"Our":[185],"findings":[190],"suggest":[191],"difficulties":[193],"limits":[196],"interpreting":[198],"derived":[200],"if":[206],"they":[207],"were":[208],"variables.":[210],"we":[214],"outline":[215],"our":[217],"study":[218],"should":[222],"be":[223],"generally":[224],"applicable":[225],"other":[227],"situations":[228],"where":[229],"researchers":[230],"have":[231],"merged":[232],"with":[235]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2021-02-01T00:00:00"}