{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3125830501","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1765(88)90092-4","title":"Determinants of the Spread in a Two-Tier Foreign Exchange Market","display_name":"Determinants of the Spread in a Two-Tier Foreign Exchange Market","publication_year":1988,"publication_date":"1988-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3125830501","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1765(88)90092-4","mag":"3125830501"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/0165-1765(88)90092-4","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1765(88)90092-4","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1765(88)90092-4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S36178057","display_name":"Economics Letters","issn_l":"0165-1765","issn":["0165-1765","1873-7374"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Economics Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.884921","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109983298","display_name":"Robert P. Flood","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107672454","display_name":"Dartmouth College","ror":"https://ror.org/049s0rh22","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107672454"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1310145890","display_name":"International Monetary Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/05m4rmw09","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1310145890"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert Flood","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA","International Monetary Fund, Washington, DC 20431, USA","Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60201, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107672454"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Monetary Fund, Washington, DC 20431, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1310145890"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60201, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006176593","display_name":"Nancy Peregrim Marion","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107672454","display_name":"Dartmouth College","ror":"https://ror.org/049s0rh22","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107672454"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111979921","display_name":"Northwestern University","ror":"https://ror.org/000e0be47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1310145890","display_name":"International Monetary Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/05m4rmw09","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1310145890"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nancy Marion","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA","International Monetary Fund, Washington, DC 20431, USA","Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60201, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107672454"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Monetary Fund, Washington, DC 20431, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1310145890"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60201, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111979921"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3030,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3030},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9688,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86656282,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"27","issue":"2","first_page":"173","last_page":"178"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10007","display_name":"Monetary Policy and Economic Impact","score":0.8485999703407288,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10007","display_name":"Monetary Policy and Economic Impact","score":0.8485999703407288,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10503","display_name":"Global Financial Crisis and Policies","score":0.1256999969482422,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2003","display_name":"Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12137","display_name":"Economic theories and models","score":0.007799999788403511,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exchange-rate-spreads","display_name":"exchange rate spreads","score":0.8889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/utility-maximization","display_name":"utility maximization","score":0.7509999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/foreign-exchange-market","display_name":"foreign exchange market","score":0.4650000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/determinants-of-spreads","display_name":"determinants of spreads","score":0.7480000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domestic-policy","display_name":"domestic policy","score":0.6660000085830688}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C536366893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q66076","display_name":"Foreign exchange market","level":3,"score":0.6499059200286865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983132609","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q66076","display_name":"Foreign exchange","level":2,"score":0.5706222653388977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.47687655687332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985793214","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3274096","display_name":"Utility maximization","level":2,"score":0.45584410429000854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19244329","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208697","display_name":"Financial market","level":2,"score":0.4522347152233124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106159729","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2294553","display_name":"Financial economics","level":1,"score":0.4427068531513214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.4329044222831726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776330181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18358244","display_name":"Maximization","level":2,"score":0.4209452271461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C556758197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580018","display_name":"Monetary economics","level":1,"score":0.4206758141517639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.33683961629867554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.1853327453136444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.11943820118904114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144237770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747534","display_name":"Mathematical economics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/0165-1765(88)90092-4","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1765(88)90092-4","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1765(88)90092-4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S36178057","display_name":"Economics Letters","issn_l":"0165-1765","issn":["0165-1765","1873-7374"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Economics Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.884921","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.884921","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.884921","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:eee:ecolet:v:27:y:1988:i:2:p:173-178","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0165-1765(88)90092-4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.884921","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.884921","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.884921","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":8,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1979211402","https://openalex.org/W1986130090","https://openalex.org/W2032280082","https://openalex.org/W2064360276","https://openalex.org/W2137749267","https://openalex.org/W3021025083","https://openalex.org/W3122237834","https://openalex.org/W4246699323"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1482236599","https://openalex.org/W4236249880","https://openalex.org/W2017692463","https://openalex.org/W2029451089","https://openalex.org/W6987586931","https://openalex.org/W2948679351","https://openalex.org/W2749615633","https://openalex.org/W7113133794","https://openalex.org/W118272926","https://openalex.org/W2734972507"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2021-02-01T00:00:00"}