{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3125058673","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ilj/34.1.57","title":"Who is a Worker?","display_name":"Who is a Worker?","publication_year":2005,"publication_date":"2005-02-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3125058673","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ilj/34.1.57","mag":"3125058673"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/ilj/34.1.57","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ilj/34.1.57","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ilj/34.1.57","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S75019429","display_name":"Industrial Law Journal","issn_l":"0305-9332","issn":["0305-9332","1464-3669"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Industrial Law Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID783465_code357931.pdf?abstractid=783465","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078324356","display_name":"Guy Davidov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1716-3271","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1716-3271"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"G. Davidov","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5078324356"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3066,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":4043},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.3487,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":44,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97120921,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"34","issue":"1","first_page":"57","last_page":"71"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13088","display_name":"Legal and Labor Studies","score":0.5702999830245972,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1410","display_name":"Industrial relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13088","display_name":"Legal and Labor Studies","score":0.5702999830245972,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1410","display_name":"Industrial relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14003","display_name":"Labor Law and Work Dynamics","score":0.4203999936580658,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13139","display_name":"Polish Legal and Social Issues","score":0.002899999963119626,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/employment-relationship","display_name":"employment relationship","score":0.6159999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/employment-appeal-tribunal","display_name":"Employment Appeal Tribunal","score":0.7860000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statutory-interpretation","display_name":"statutory interpretation","score":0.4390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/employment-protection","display_name":"employment protection","score":0.31700000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/democratic-deficit","display_name":"democratic deficit","score":0.7720000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subordination","display_name":"subordination","score":0.9190000295639038}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777406531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2031017","display_name":"Subordination (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.8972172737121582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778449503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q329777","display_name":"Appeal","level":2,"score":0.8144997358322144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777438998","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1412224","display_name":"Tribunal","level":2,"score":0.7820944786071777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527412718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q855395","display_name":"Interpretation (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.7463303804397583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61797465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1188986","display_name":"Term (time)","level":2,"score":0.7114220857620239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19768560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320727","display_name":"Dependency (UML)","level":2,"score":0.5161929726600647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.42305922508239746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.42166927456855774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.4150097668170929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3527167737483978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145236788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28161","display_name":"Labour economics","level":1,"score":0.3497602343559265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3007014989852905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.25902700424194336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.24688711762428284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.1524345874786377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.14586251974105835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.07627364993095398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0582851767539978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.05433410406112671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/ilj/34.1.57","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ilj/34.1.57","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ilj/34.1.57","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S75019429","display_name":"Industrial Law Journal","issn_l":"0305-9332","issn":["0305-9332","1464-3669"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Industrial Law Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"mag:2078474104","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID783465_code357931.pdf?abstractid=783465","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"mag:2078474104","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID783465_code357931.pdf?abstractid=783465","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":null},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"},{"score":0.6207000017166138,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3007316520","https://openalex.org/W2066299946","https://openalex.org/W2063611770","https://openalex.org/W2496805867","https://openalex.org/W1569489052","https://openalex.org/W2465562435","https://openalex.org/W2805957879","https://openalex.org/W2482267637","https://openalex.org/W3208830603","https://openalex.org/W2805581759"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,22],"article":[1],"focuses":[2],"on":[3,73],"the":[4,10,29,42,47,50,57,74,79,94,102,106],"term":[5,12,27],"\u2018worker\u2019,":[6],"which":[7],"is":[8,33,39,54,68,87],"replacing":[9],"traditional":[11],"\u2018employee\u2019":[13],"in":[14],"a":[15,36,91],"growing":[16],"number":[17],"of":[18,44,49,81,96,105],"Acts":[19],"and":[20,35],"Regulations.":[21],"interpretation":[23,38],"given":[24],"to":[25,60],"this":[26],"by":[28,70],"Employment":[30],"Appeal":[31],"Tribunal":[32],"reviewed,":[34],"different":[37],"suggested,":[40],"with":[41],"aim":[43],"better":[45],"achieving":[46],"purpose":[48],"new":[51],"category.":[52,108],"It":[53,86],"argued":[55],"that":[56,67,89],"protection":[58],"afforded":[59],"\u2018workers\u2019":[61],"should":[62],"cover":[63],"every":[64],"work":[65],"relationship":[66],"characterised":[69],"significant":[71],"dependency":[72],"putative":[75],"employer,":[76],"even":[77],"without":[78],"presence":[80],"democratic":[82],"deficits":[83],"(or":[84],"subordination).":[85],"shown":[88],"such":[90],"solution":[92],"fits":[93],"logic":[95],"intermediate":[97],"categories,":[98],"as":[99,101],"well":[100],"legislated":[103],"definition":[104],"\u2018worker\u2019":[107]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2021-02-01T00:00:00"}