{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3124693449","doi":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202004.0134.v1","title":"Avoiding COVID-19 Complications with Diabetic Patients Could Be Achieved by Multi-Dose Bacillus Calmette\u2013Gu\u00e9rin Vaccine: A Case Study of Beta Cells Regeneration by Serendipity","display_name":"Avoiding COVID-19 Complications with Diabetic Patients Could Be Achieved by Multi-Dose Bacillus Calmette\u2013Gu\u00e9rin Vaccine: A Case Study of Beta Cells Regeneration by Serendipity","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-04-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3124693449","doi":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202004.0134.v1","mag":"3124693449"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0134.v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202004.0134.v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202004.0134.v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6309402219","display_name":"Preprints.org","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202004.0134.v1","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113829263","display_name":"Bassam Mahfouz Ayoub","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3265-1567","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3265-1567"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154023281","display_name":"British University in Egypt","ror":"https://ror.org/0066fxv63","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154023281"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bassam M. Ayoub","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, El-Sherouk city, Cairo, Egypt","The Center for Drug Research and Development (CDRD), Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, El-Sherouk city, Cairo, Egypt "],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3265-1567","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, El-Sherouk city, Cairo, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154023281"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Center for Drug Research and Development (CDRD), Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, El-Sherouk city, Cairo, Egypt ","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154023281"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071978796","display_name":"Eman Shawky Ramadan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1431-6650","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1431-6650"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154023281","display_name":"British University in Egypt","ror":"https://ror.org/0066fxv63","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154023281"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eman Ramadan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pharmacology & Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, El-Sherouk city, Cairo, Egypt","The Center for Drug Research and Development (CDRD), Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, El-Sherouk city, Cairo, Egypt "],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pharmacology & Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, El-Sherouk city, Cairo, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154023281"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Center for Drug Research and Development (CDRD), Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, El-Sherouk city, Cairo, Egypt ","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154023281"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035302749","display_name":"Nermeen Ashoush","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3872-4720","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3872-4720"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154023281","display_name":"British University in Egypt","ror":"https://ror.org/0066fxv63","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154023281"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nermeen Ashoush","raw_affiliation_strings":["Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, El-Sherouk city, Cairo, Egypt","The Center for Drug Research and Development (CDRD), Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, El-Sherouk city, Cairo, Egypt "],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, El-Sherouk city, Cairo, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154023281"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Center for Drug Research and Development (CDRD), Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, El-Sherouk city, Cairo, Egypt ","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154023281"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067782292","display_name":"Mariam M. Tadros","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9928-1057","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9928-1057"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107720978","display_name":"Ain Shams University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cb9w016","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107720978"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mariam M. Tadros","raw_affiliation_strings":["Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, El-Abaseya, Cairo, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, El-Abaseya, Cairo, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107720978"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113909674","display_name":"Moataz S. Hendy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7310-5792","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7310-5792"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154023281","display_name":"British University in Egypt","ror":"https://ror.org/0066fxv63","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154023281"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Moataz S. Hendy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, El-Sherouk city, Cairo, Egypt","The Center for Drug Research and Development (CDRD), Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, El-Sherouk city, Cairo, Egypt "],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, El-Sherouk city, Cairo, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154023281"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Center for Drug Research and Development (CDRD), Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, El-Sherouk city, Cairo, Egypt ","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154023281"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084843366","display_name":"Mohamed Mohey Elmazar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5076-9817","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5076-9817"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154023281","display_name":"British University in Egypt","ror":"https://ror.org/0066fxv63","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154023281"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed M. Elmazar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pharmacology & Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, El-Sherouk city, Cairo, Egypt","The Center for Drug Research and Development (CDRD), Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, El-Sherouk city, Cairo, Egypt "],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pharmacology & Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, El-Sherouk city, Cairo, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154023281"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Center for Drug Research and Development (CDRD), Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt, El-Sherouk city, Cairo, Egypt ","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154023281"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032045966","display_name":"Shaker A. Mousa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9294-015X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9294-015X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I365282","display_name":"Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/014hfaw95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I365282"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaker A. Mousa","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Rensselaer, NY, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9294-015X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Rensselaer, NY, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I365282"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13410","display_name":"Immune responses and vaccinations","score":0.49779999256134033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2403","display_name":"Immunology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13410","display_name":"Immune responses and vaccinations","score":0.49779999256134033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2403","display_name":"Immunology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11171","display_name":"Diabetes and associated disorders","score":0.27149999141693115,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10839","display_name":"Pancreatic function and diabetes","score":0.07159999758005142,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bcg-vaccine","display_name":"BCG vaccine","score":0.7429999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covid-19","display_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","score":0.8029999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetes-mellitus","display_name":"diabetes mellitus","score":0.9440000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beta-cell-regeneration","display_name":"beta cell regeneration","score":0.9449999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/therapeutic-vaccination","display_name":"therapeutic vaccination","score":0.6840000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/c-peptide","display_name":"C-peptide","score":0.6779999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hnf1b-mutations","display_name":"HNF1B mutations","score":0.9449999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metformin","display_name":"metformin","score":0.8740000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/healthcare-workers","display_name":"healthcare workers","score":0.6869999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/innate-immunity","display_name":"innate immunity","score":0.3959999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immune-reprogramming","display_name":"immune reprogramming","score":0.414000004529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hba1c","display_name":"HbA1c","score":0.6230000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/insulin-dose-reduction","display_name":"insulin dose reduction","score":0.3190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metformin-resistance","display_name":"metformin resistance","score":0.3540000021457672}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.7871325016021729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555293320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","level":2,"score":0.7493269443511963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22070199","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192995","display_name":"Vaccination","level":2,"score":0.6892051100730896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.39762863516807556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.39048242568969727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.22741654515266418}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0134.v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202004.0134.v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202004.0134.v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6309402219","display_name":"Preprints.org","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0134.v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202004.0134.v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202004.0134.v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6309402219","display_name":"Preprints.org","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":1.0}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320330496","display_name":"British University in Egypt","ror":"https://ror.org/0066fxv63"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1545557258","https://openalex.org/W1587247212","https://openalex.org/W1761039529","https://openalex.org/W1995805195","https://openalex.org/W2008477650","https://openalex.org/W2020214471","https://openalex.org/W2051290833","https://openalex.org/W2099610218","https://openalex.org/W2100190220","https://openalex.org/W2110349807","https://openalex.org/W2116291006","https://openalex.org/W2157094981","https://openalex.org/W2166404079","https://openalex.org/W2277798084","https://openalex.org/W2567092281","https://openalex.org/W2604851105","https://openalex.org/W2612702080","https://openalex.org/W2616984828","https://openalex.org/W2617772941","https://openalex.org/W2783711120","https://openalex.org/W2800060505","https://openalex.org/W2809011389","https://openalex.org/W2909194930","https://openalex.org/W2945958075","https://openalex.org/W2974984390","https://openalex.org/W3001195213","https://openalex.org/W3004348779","https://openalex.org/W3007814559","https://openalex.org/W3008090866","https://openalex.org/W3008963226","https://openalex.org/W3009799538","https://openalex.org/W3010276220","https://openalex.org/W3014081291","https://openalex.org/W4253587866","https://openalex.org/W7156863308"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7157136170","https://openalex.org/W4403151671","https://openalex.org/W7083187812","https://openalex.org/W4362625771","https://openalex.org/W4411619989","https://openalex.org/W4291891031","https://openalex.org/W4398203553","https://openalex.org/W4206280882","https://openalex.org/W2944704858","https://openalex.org/W7207791811"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Diabetes":[0],"mellitus":[1],"(DM)":[2],"is":[3,15,77,299,390],"one":[4,16],"of":[5,17,98,127,152,213,250,252,282,284,295,317,337,345,361],"the":[6,18,106,248,253,260,263,289,296,315,328,335,346,356,395],"major":[7],"risk":[8],"factors":[9],"for":[10,96,229,377],"COVID-19":[11,40,107,154,172,195],"complications":[12],"as":[13,169,189,200,204,388],"it":[14,389],"chronic":[19],"immune-compromising":[20],"conditions":[21],"especially":[22],"if":[23,302],"patients":[24],"have":[25,133,148,158],"uncontrolled":[26],"diabetes,":[27,197],"poor":[28],"HbA1c":[29],"&/or":[30],"irregular":[31],"blood":[32],"glucose":[33],"levels.":[34],"Diabetic":[35],"patient\u2019s":[36],"mortality":[37,118],"rates":[38],"with":[39,141],"are":[41],"higher":[42],"than":[43],"cardiovascular":[44],"or":[45,173],"cancer":[46],"patients.":[47],"Recently":[48],"Bacillus":[49],"Calmette\u2013Gu\u00e9rin":[50],"(BCG)":[51],"has":[52,82,93],"shown":[53,149],"successful":[54],"results":[55],"in":[56,59,86,119,262,273,280,314,321],"reversing":[57],"diabetes":[58,101],"both":[60,194],"rats":[61],"and":[62,90,92,117,143,326],"clinical":[63,160,271,297],"trials":[64,161],"based":[65,218,238],"on":[66,219,239,365],"different":[67],"mechanisms":[68],"from":[69,88,171],"aerobic":[70],"glycolysis":[71],"to":[72,139,176,185,300,331,382],"Beta":[73],"cells":[74,217],"regeneration.":[75],"BCG":[76,113,128,145,167,187,227,255,269,305,339],"a":[78,164,190,210,230,240,267,311,373],"multi-face":[79],"vaccine":[80,168,188],"that":[81,111,147,162,276],"been":[83,94,134],"used":[84],"extensively":[85],"protection":[87,201,316],"TB":[89],"leprosy":[91],"repositioned":[95],"treatment":[97],"bladder":[99],"cancer,":[100],"&":[102,196,222,244,288,350],"multiple":[103],"sclerosis.":[104],"Recently,":[105],"epidemiological":[108],"study":[109,212,272,298],"confirmed":[110],"universal":[112,125,142],"vaccination":[114,129,228,256],"reduced":[115],"morbidity":[116],"certain":[120],"geographical":[121],"areas.":[122],"Countries":[123],"without":[124],"policies":[126,146],"(Italy,":[130],"Nederland,":[131],"USA)":[132],"more":[135],"severely":[136],"affected":[137],"compared":[138],"countries":[140,157],"long-standing":[144],"low":[150,366],"numbers":[151],"reported":[153,347],"cases.":[155],"Some":[156],"started":[159],"included":[163],"single":[165],"dose":[166,304,367],"prophylaxis":[170],"an":[174],"attempt":[175],"minimize":[177],"its":[178,384],"side":[179],"effects.":[180],"This":[181],"proposed":[182],"research":[183],"aims":[184],"use":[186,387],"double-edged":[191],"weapon":[192],"countering":[193],"not":[198,391],"only":[199],"but":[202],"also":[203],"therapeutic":[205],"vaccination.":[206],"The":[207,234,293,323],"work":[208],"includes":[209],"case":[211,281],"regenerated":[214],"pancreatic":[215],"beta":[216],"improved":[220],"C-peptide":[221],"PCPRI":[223],"laboratory":[224],"findings":[225],"after":[226],"9":[231],"years\u2019":[232],"patient.":[233],"patient":[235,359],"was":[236,364,380],"re-vaccinated":[237],"negative":[241],"tuberculin":[242],"test":[243],"no":[245],"scar":[246],"at":[247,257],"site":[249],"injection":[251],"1st":[254],"birth.":[258],"Furthermore,":[259],"authors":[261,324],"present":[264],"article":[265],"described":[266],"prospective":[268],"multi-dose":[270],"full":[274],"details":[275],"they":[277],"will":[278,309],"apply":[279],"acceptance":[283],"their":[285],"submitted":[286],"grant":[287],"ethical":[290],"committee":[291],"approval.":[292],"aim":[294],"check":[301],"double":[303],"(4":[306],"weeks":[307],"apart)":[308],"show":[310],"significant":[312],"difference":[313],"health":[318],"care":[319],"professionals":[320],"Egypt.":[322],"suggest":[325],"invite":[327],"scientific":[329],"community":[330],"take":[332],"into":[333],"consideration":[334],"concept":[336],"direct":[338],"re-vaccination":[340],"(after":[341],"4":[342],"weeks)":[343],"because":[344],"gene":[348],"expressions":[349],"exaggerated":[351],"innate":[352],"immunity":[353],"consequently.":[354],"As":[355],"diabetic":[357],"MODY-5":[358],"(mutation":[360],"HNF1B,":[362],"Val2Leu)":[363],"Riomet\u00ae":[368],"while":[369],"eliminating":[370],"insulin":[371],"gradually,":[372],"simple":[374],"analytical":[375],"method":[376],"metformin":[378],"assay":[379],"recommended":[381],"ensure":[383],"concentration":[385],"before":[386],"approved":[392],"yet":[393],"by":[394],"Egyptian":[396],"QC":[397],"labs.":[398]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2021-02-01T00:00:00"}